causes and effects of the second industrial revolution

Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use it in that manner. Created by. The chemical industries also moved to the forefront. When the telegraph became available, companies built telegraph lines along the railroads to keep track of trains. The oligarchical ownership of companies, if not entire industries by wealthy individual business magnates that had dominated during the original Industrial Revolution in the early to mid-19th century was slowly replaced by todays model of wider public distribution of ownership through the sale of stock to individual investors and institutions such as banks and insurance companies. READ MORE: The History of Firearms in the U.S. It also used an innovative oscillating engine for power. Railroads are credited with creating the modern business enterprise by scholars such as Alfred Chandler. Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacture of agriculture machinery. Massive improvements in public health and sanitation resulted from public health initiatives, such as the construction of the London sewerage system in the 1860s and the passage of laws that regulated filtered water supplies(the Metropolis Water Act introduced regulation of the water supply companies in London, including minimum standards of water quality for the first time in 1852). Although there were many efforts in the mid-19th century to drill for oil Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is considered the first "modern oil well". It was the first automobile entirely designed as such to generate its own power, not simply a motorized-stage coach or horse carriage. [31] Household electrification did not become common until the 1920s, and then only in cities. By the late 1880s, the first efficient commercial electrical generators made large-scale transmission of electrical power to the public possible. One of his earliest engines was the grasshopper beam engine. [82], As mentioned above, one of the most important scientific advancements in all of history was the unification of light, electricity and magnetism through Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. Among the new conditions, more markedly evident in Britain, the forerunner of Europe's industrial states, were the long-term effects of the severe Long Depression of 18731896, which had followed fifteen years of great economic instability. The turbine's first application was in shipping followed by electric generation in 1903. This synergy led to the laying of 75,000 miles of track in the U.S. in the 1880s, the largest amount anywhere in world history.[7]. Cities grew larger, but they were often dirty, crowded, and unhealthy. Within just a few decades, the Second Industrial Revolution transformed the United States from a mainly rural agricultural society to a booming industrial economy centered in major cities. Boost your . Belgium thus became the railway center of the region. Of the many factors that led to the Industrial Revolution, two of the biggest and most significant were the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. ,[49][50] built by engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was the longest ship in the world at 236ft (72m) with a 250-foot (76m) keel and was the first to prove that transatlantic steamship services were viable. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)[59] with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition [60] and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. For the magazine, see. It resulted in increased trade, the development of class consciousness, improvements in the quality of life, greater world economic stratification, etc. The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). David Edward Hughes and Heinrich Hertz both demonstrated and confirmed the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves that had been predicted by Maxwell. The diesel engine was independently designed by Rudolf Diesel and Herbert Akroyd Stuart in the 1890s using thermodynamic principles with the specific intention of being highly efficient. Both revolutions were motivated by a desire to increase work . Called the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century by the National Academy of Engineering, electric lighting greatly improved working conditions and productivity in factories. By replacing the fire hazards of gaslighting, the initial cost of converting to electric lighting was quickly offset by reduced fire insurance premiums. The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. [101], In the early 1900s there was a disparity between the levels of employment seen in the northern and southern United States. The work of Michael Faraday and others was pivotal in laying the foundations of the modern scientific understanding of electricity. [16] This provided the basis for the accelerated construction of railways throughout the world in the late nineteenth century. However, the overall health of the working class declined due to the many hours spent toiling in the harsh and unhealthy conditions of the factories. This led to what was called "railroad accounting", which was later adopted by steel and other industries, and eventually became modern accounting.[89]. In 1913 these eight firms produced almost 90 percent of the world supply of dyestuffs, and sold about 80 percent of their production abroad. The system was soundly built along British lines, so that profits were low but the infrastructure necessary for rapid industrial growth was put in place.[106]. Paper in the Making. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Although town gas lighting was available in some cities, kerosene produced a brighter light until the invention of the gas mantle. [29][34] The savings from mass production methods allowed the price of the Model T to decline from $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1916. [42] Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States. By the early 18th century, people there had used up most of their trees for building houses and ships and for cooking and heating. Later in the Second Industrial Revolution, Frederick Winslow Taylor and others in America developed the concept of scientific management or Taylorism. French engineer Pierre-mile Martin was the first to take out a license for the Siemens furnace and apply it to the production of steel in 1865. The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and technological advancements that took place from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, characterized by the development of new machinery and transportation systems, growth of manufacturing and production processes, and a shift from manual labor to machine-based work. Taylor's core principles included:[citation needed], The period from 1870 to 1890 saw the greatest increase in economic growth in such a short period as ever in previous history. Stronger and cheaper to produce, steel soon replaced iron in the building industry. From the 1880s until electrification it was successful in small shops because small steam engines were inefficient and required too much operator attention. Later coal gained prominence. These changes included a wider distribution of wealth and increased international trade. Chapter 7 - The Bureaucracy. Mass production fostered the concept of capitalism which had been raised by Adam Smith . Fluorescent lighting was commercially introduced at the 1939 World's Fair. All Rights Reserved. The advantage is if you are out in the field and something goes wrong, someone can send you that part and fix it without having to redo the entire gun.. Invented in 1856 by Sir Henry Bessemer, the Bessemer process allowed for the mass-production of steel. ", Roberts, Wayne. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. By the 1870s superphosphates produced in those factories, were being shipped around the world from the port at Ipswich.[71][72]. Thermodynamic principles were used in the development of physical chemistry. He also teaches science writing at Johns Hopkins University. Understanding chemistry greatly aided the development of basic inorganic chemical manufacturing and the aniline dye industries. The Second Industrial Revolution was as period of tremendous economic, industrial, and technological advancement taking place between the end of the American Civil War and the start of World War I. p. 203. The Second Industrial Revolution was brought about by a variety of new technological breakthroughs which occurred in the middle of the 19th century. The wide-ranging social impact of both revolutions included the remaking of the working class as new technologies appeared. The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. By making it cost-effective to build new rail lines, steel enabled the rapid expansion of Americas railroad network. Where and when did the Industrial Revolution take place? Longley, Robert. The Industrial Revolution first began in Britain in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Europe and North America. Osbon, G. A., 1965, The Crimean War gunboats. Highly efficient multiple expansion steam engines began being used on ships, allowing them to carry less coal than freight. Burger, Peter. While some historians quibble over the exact boundary between the First Industrial Revolution, that began inthe mid-18th century, and the second, that started aroundthe mid-19th century, a primary difference is that the second saw the beginning of mass production in manufacturing and consumer goods. Railroads allowed cheap transportation of materials and products, which in turn led to cheap rails to build more roads. Between 1865 and 1916, the transcontinental network of railroads, Americas magic carpet made of steel, expanded from 35,000 miles to over 254,000 miles. Carruthers, George. Ball and roller bearings also began being used in machinery. The science was continually improved and evolved into an engineering discipline. The practice of child labor remained common until 1938 when the Fair Labor Standards Act (FSLA) imposed the first nationwide compulsory federal regulation of wages and working hours. The electric street railway became a major infrastructure before 1920. [29] The solution that Ford Motor developed was a completely redesigned factory with machine tools and special purpose machines that were systematically positioned in the work sequence. While it was a period of unprecedented progress and innovation that propelled some people into vast wealth, it also condemned many to poverty, creating a deep social chasm between the industrial machine and the working middle class that fueled it. [103], By 1900 the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes. After the discovery of mauveine, many new aniline dyes appeared (some discovered by Perkin himself), and factories producing them were constructed across Europe. Some argue we are now entering a Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which robotics, artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and biotechnology are changing our concepts of both life and consciousness. They also needed to keep track of cars, which could go missing for months at a time. Longmans, London. The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemical. Increasingly, people moved from farms and villages into bigger towns and cities to find work in factories. [99], Increased mechanization of industry and improvements to worker efficiency, increased the productivity of factories while undercutting the need for skilled labor. James Clerk Maxwell wrote a paper mathematically analyzing the actions of governors, which marked the beginning of the formal development of control theory. It became far easier to get around on trains,. The higher rate of employment is easily seen by considering the 1909 rates of employment compared to the populations of each state in the 1910 census. By the year 1900, the impact of the Industrial Revolution was felt across the United States. Iron caused problems with expansion and contraction, which stressed the iron and caused failure. At the time, chemistry was still in a quite primitive state; it was still a difficult proposition to determine the arrangement of the elements in compounds and chemical industry was still in its infancy. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Universal History Archive/UIG/Getty Images, https://www.history.com/news/second-industrial-revolution-advances, How the Second Industrial Revolution Changed Americans Lives. Edward Alfred Cowper developed the Cowper stove in 1857. It also was the period during which modern organizational methods for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use. 02.01 Regions Chart and Written Response There were several events during the Second Industrial Revolution that had profound effects on each of the major regions in the United States. Improvements in steam engine design and the wide availability of cheap steel meant that slow, sailing ships were replaced with faster steamship, which could handle more trade with smaller crews. The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. Test. We discovered that for six weeks they had worked from seven in the morning until nine at night, Addams later wrote, and they were exhausted as well as satiated. As a far more durable and readily available material, steel soon replaced iron as the standard for railroad rails. [30] Electric lighting in factories greatly improved working conditions, eliminating the heat and pollution caused by gas lighting, and reducing the fire hazard to the extent that the cost of electricity for lighting was often offset by the reduction in fire insurance premiums. The changing world of the Second Industrial Revolution also led to fears by social critics about the loss of freedom, autonomy and independence that is replaced by boredom, repetition and toil, according to Freeman. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history as it hugely impacted the way societies in the world would function in the years to come. The 3rd most important reason was the effective sewage system and cleaner water. [76] The invention of Parson's steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible and revolutionized marine transport and naval warfare. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. Historians have identified several causes for the Industrial Revolution, including: the emergence of capitalism, European imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the effects of the Agricultural Revolution. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000V) alternating current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. To help their impoverished families, children, often as young as four years old, were forced to work long hours for little pay in factories under unhealthy and unsafe conditions. [45], Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1856. Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor. Flashcards. Thanks to the development of sewage systems in cities along with the passage of drinking water safety laws, public health improved greatly and rates of death from infectious diseases fell. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1760s, largely with new developments in thetextileindustry. How did the Industrial Revolution change economies? Cable tool drilling was developed in ancient China and was used for drilling brine wells. Electrification allowed the final major developments in manufacturing methods of the Second Industrial Revolution, namely the assembly line and mass production.[29]. However, being soft and often full of impurities, iron rails could not support heavy locomotives and required frequent repair and replacement. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. It increased material wealth, extended life, and was a powerful force for social change. #1 Political and Economic competition in Europe Centralized expertise in the home office was not enough. Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace as it greatly reduced the fuel consumption for making pig iron, and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution. When social activist Jane Addams threw a Christmas party at the group home she had just founded in Chicagos slums in 1889, she passed out candy to the impoverished girls who lived there. What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe? These governors came into use in the late 18th century on wind and water mills to correctly position the gap between mill stones, and were adapted to steam engines by James Watt. In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railway companies, became the world's first national machine tool standard called British Standard Whitworth. The shift away from agriculture toward industry had occurred in Britain by the 1730s, when the percentage of the working population engaged in agriculture fell below 50%, a development that would only happen elsewhere (the Low Countries) in the 1830s and '40s. The boat was built at Tipton using temporary bolts, disassembled for transportation to London, and reassembled on the Thames in 1822, this time using permanent rivets. 7) Governmental Policies. The vulcanization of rubber, by American Charles Goodyear and Englishman Thomas Hancock in the 1840s paved the way for a growing rubber industry, especially the manufacture of rubber tyres[54]. "Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution." The next great advance in steel making was the SiemensMartin process. At the same time, however, industrialization and urbanization drastically reduced the share of the population engaged in agriculture. From the late 19th to early 20th centuries, cities grew, factories sprawled and peoples lives became regulated by the clock rather than the sun. "From Rostow to Chandler to You: How revolutionary was the second industrial revolution? Though a number of its events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts, as well as the invention of the Bessemer process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 (the beginning of World War I).[2]. This historic boost in factory output, coupled with the invention of technological marvels such as the telegraph, the telephone, the automobile, and the radio would forever change how Americans lived and worked. In essence, this was a period of tremendous economic, industrial, and technological advancement that took place between the . Did Cotton Drive the Industrial Revolution? Data from Paul Bairoch, "International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980," Journal of European Economic History (1982) v. 11. The process of industrialization continues around the world, as do struggles against many of its negative effects, such as industrial pollution and urban crowding. 18701914 period of rapid technological change, "Industry 2" redirects here. It remains the world's most efficient prime mover. "Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution." The first billion-dollar corporation was United States Steel, formed by financier J. P. Morgan in 1901, who purchased and consolidated steel firms built by Andrew Carnegie and others. New products and services were introduced which greatly increased international trade. Black Diamond Express train on the Lehigh Valley Railroad in Pennsylvania, circa 1898. Standardization of screw threads began with Henry Maudslay around 1800, when the modern screw-cutting lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a practical commodity. And factory workersincluding womenthen had the money to buy these products. Cheap wood based paper also allowed keeping personal diaries or writing letters and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job. Modern tarmac was patented by British civil engineer Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1901.[58]. [57] Its popularity soon grew, causing the bike boom of the 1890s. Was the Industrial Revolution over . The Second Industrial Revolution affected the regions of the United States differently. Know what started the Industrial Revolution and why it originated in Great Britain through its 10 most important causes. If a Western Rip Van Winkle had fallen asleep in 1869 and awakened in 1896, he would not have recognized the lands that the railroads had touched, White writes. Use this chart to compare the effects of the revolution on the North, South, West, and Midwest. Industrial revolutions may be renumbered by taking earlier developments, such as the rise of medieval technology in the 12th century, or of ancient Chinese technology during the Tang dynasty, or of ancient Roman technology, as first. "Toronto Metal Workers and the Second Industrial Revolution, 18891914,", This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 08:04. The steam turbine was developed by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. For example, to calculate rates they needed to know the cost of a ton-mile of freight. [75] The process used molecular nitrogen (N2) and methane (CH4) gas in an economically sustainable synthesis of ammonia (NH3). It has been followed by the Third Industrial Revolution in which digital communications technology and the internet changed how we transmit information, do business and interact with each other. The Atlantic Telegraph Company was formed in London in 1856 to undertake construction of a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. Men, women, and even small children worked in factories. Between the Civil War and WWI, over 25 million people from Europe, as well as Russia and Asia, immigrated to the United States drawn by the prospect of well-paid factory jobs. Terms in this set (3) . Advances in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to Henry Maudslay and refined by Joseph Whitworth. With his emphasis on vertical integration of parts and assembly line manufacturing, Henry Ford was its king. You could produce all the parts of a gun and assemble any set and make a gun, Satia says. [29] Ford and others at the company struggled with ways to scale up production in keeping with Henry Ford's vision of a car designed and manufactured on a scale so as to be affordable by the average worker. Benz began to sell the vehicle (advertising it as the Benz Patent Motorwagen) in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history. Sorby pioneered the study of iron and steel under microscope, which paved the way for a scientific understanding of metal and the mass-production of steel. How did the Industrial Revolution change society? Air pollution continued to rise in the 1800s, causing respiratory illness and higher death rates in areas that burned more coal. Carsten Burhop, "Pharmaceutical Research in Wilhelmine Germany: the Case of E. Merck,", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Productivity improving technologies (historical), Economic history of Germany#Industrial Revolution, The Second Industrial Revolution: 18701914, "Second Industrial Revolution: The Technological Revolution", History of Electricity, Institute for Energy Research. For example, industrial standardization marked an evolution in the arms industry, says Satia, author of Empire of Guns: The Making of the Industrial Revolution. Being a much more durable material, steel steadily replaced iron as the standard for railway rail, and due to its greater strength, longer lengths of rails could now be rolled. While factory automation and productivity had been improved by the limited use of First Industrial Revolution inventions such as the steam engine, interchangeable parts, the assembly line, and mass production, most late 19th century factories were still water-powered. Archive maintained by 'The Pedal Club'. These scientific principles were applied to a variety of industrial concerns, including improving the efficiency of boilers and steam turbines. [93], By 1900, the leaders in industrial production was Britain with 24% of the world total, followed by the US (19%), Germany (13%), Russia (9%) and France (7%). Its main advantages were that it did not expose the steel to excessive nitrogen (which would cause the steel to become brittle), it was easier to control, and that it permitted the melting and refining of large amounts of scrap steel, lowering steel production costs and recycling an otherwise troublesome waste material. The German concern system (known as Konzerne), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. Vassiliou, M. S. (2009). The use of machine tools began with the onset of the First Industrial Revolution. 18 terms. Longley, Robert. Child Laborers Stripping Tobacco In New York 1873. In 1800, Matthias Koops, working in London, investigated the idea of using wood to make paper, and began his printing business a year later. Matthias.". The boat moved faster with the broken propeller. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514. katmeli_raven. However, some continue to express reservations about its use. It took several years to perfect and become popular, but found application in shipping before powering locomotives.

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