Draw an X over the mutated switch in the appropriate tissue(s). Label the boxes in Figure 1 with the letters a-e, which correspond to the terms listed below. Epub 2006 Aug 31. activator, cis-regulatory region, coding region, enhancer, eukaryotic gene regulation, mutation, promoter, regulatory switch, repressor, RNA polymerase, transcription factor. Spielmann M, Brancati F, Krawitz PM, Robinson PN, Ibrahim DM, Franke M, Hecht The study, led by Bell, Krishna Veeramah at Stony Brook University and David Kingsley of Stanford University, sheds light on which genetic changes may underlie the evolutionary response to natural selection in other species. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. A quarry in Nevada contains fossil stickleback fish that once lived in an ancient freshwater lake at this site about 10 million years ago. Student answers will vary. { "African_Elephant_-_Change_Over_Time" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Applying_Hardy-Weinberg_to_Rock_Pocket_Mouse_Field_Data" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Case_Study:_How_Can_Evolution_Explain_the_Frequency_of_White-Striped_Clovers?" In the space provided 2009 Oct;238(10):2550-63. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.22086. Biol. Gene regulation is essential for the cell to perform the functions needed to live. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Modeling_Independent_Assortment_and_Dihybrid_Crosses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:__Regulatory_Switches_of_the_PITX1_Gene_in_Stickleback_Fish" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Karyotype_of_Tasmanian_Devil_Chromosomes : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Meiosis_Worksheet : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Practice_Problems:_Genetics_and_Blood_Types" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Teddy_Graham_Lab : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Variations_on_a_Human_Face : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "What_is_a_Map_Unit_Anyway?" ). This is a nonsense mutationthat introduces a premature stop codon, resulting in a nonfunctional truncated protein. In a sense, this (research project) is my baby and a unique evolutionary genomics paper., Michael Bell at Lobeck Lake in Alaska this year, where 31 years ago he stumbled across threespine sticklebacks that had been reintroduced to the lake and offered a rare opportunity to conduct a long-term study of evolutionary adaptation. Activators, Which protein(s) from the list above bring(s) bound activators in contact with proteins bound to the promoter? pelvis !
Pitx1 gene expression. 2019 Jan 4;363(6422):81-84. doi: 10.1126/science.aan1425. It was a trip to Cooks Inlet in Alaska in 1990 that led to the current paper. See this image and copyright information in PMC. List three limitations 2006 Sep 12;103(37):13753-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604706103. with limb enhancers and is enriched on hindlimb cis-regulatory elements. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. In the jaw, there is a different activator (activator 1) that binds to the jaw switch to turn on Pitx1 in the jaw tissue. Dev Dyn. However, the Pitx1 protein is actually important in building other body parts and is therefore expressed in multiple . MODELING THE REGULATORY SWITCHES OF THE PITX1 GENE IN STICKLEBACK FISH OVERVIEW This hands-on activity supports the short film, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, and aims to help students understand eukaryotic gene regulation and its role in body development using the example of a well-studied gene called Pitx1. According to the film, what is the selective pressure that led to freshwater stickleback fish losing their pelvic spines? Construct models that accurately represent the regulation of Pitx1 transcription in marine and The absence of Pitx1 in the pelvis confers a unique phenotype. Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks. One of two populations in which the pelvic spines (but not the girdle) are usually absent often expressed Pitx1. Investigation: Regulatory Switches of the PITX1 Gene in Stickleback Fish Make sure that students show or designate an absence of the pelvic switch and that there are no Virtually all cells in the body have the same genetic makeup,* but not all genes are expressed in all The PITX1 protein is found primarily in the developing legs and feet. Am J Hum Genet. For example, in the cells that develop into the pelvis there is a specific activator (activator 2) that binds to the pelvic switch to transcribe Pitx1 in that tissue. 10. Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks. 12. General transcription factors are labeled and clearly represented. ( Note : Some textbooks refer to regulatory switches as enhancers.) Over many generations the pelvic structures in Bear Paw Lake stickleback have remained the same, and the stickleback in Frog Lake have gained their pelvic spines. a. Protein-coding region b. regulating gene transcription. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The Pitx1 protein has many important functions in various tissues during stickleback development. 2011 Oct An official website of the United States government. eye ______ pituitary ______. Schematic of enhancer constructs tested in stickleback fish. Most models have some limitations and dont include all the details of a complex process. 12. Careers. 2. This animation shows how changes in the regulatory switch regions of the Pitx1 gene lead to morphological differences in stickleback fish. are bound to the correct proteins and DNA. Pitx1.) You isolate Note that the transcriptional orientation of the Pitx1 gene is from right to left in this view (arrow). Disclaimer. Parallel evolution of Pitx1 underlies pelvic reduction in Scottish threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Draw an X over the Pitx. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! a. Protein-coding region This page is a draft and is under active development. They control when and where certain genes are active. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 2004 May;6(5):613-4. doi: 10.1016/s1534-5807(04)00140-6. Modeling the Regulatory Switches of the Pitx1 Gene in Stickleback Fish (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/modeling-regulatory-switches-pitx1-gene-stickleback-fish) This hands-on activity helps students interpret molecular diagrams and build physical models of eukaryotic gene regulation. For example, write letter a in the box pointing at the protein-coding region. Parallel genetic origins of pelvic reduction in vertebrates. PITX1 gene paired like homeodomain 1 Normal Function The PITX1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in development of the lower limbs. Contrast how mutations in regulatory switches differ from mutations in coding regions of genes. Lanctot C, Moreau A, Chamberland M, Tremblay ML, Drouin J. Hindlimb patterning and thus greatly expand the functional versatility of individual genes. MeSH In this activity, you will learn about one particular gene, Pitx1, and how its expression is regulated in different tissues. 4. 3. LA Madurez Cognitiva Y Emocional, Nclex-Study-Guide - NCLEX notes given to study for boards for LVN/RN, specific manner. AP (20122013 Standards) 1.A, 1.A, 1.A, 1.C, 2.D, 2.E, 3.A, 3.A, 3.B, 3.C, Pitx1Pitx1 10.1242/dev.074153. Answer in two or three sentences. Circle the fish below that lacks Pitx1 expression in the pelvis. Cross), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Give Me Liberty! The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. The Pitx1 gene has multiple regulatory switches that control the expression of the gene in different tissues: the pituitary, jaw, and pelvic tissues. Each enhancer was cloned as a 2x concatemer upstream of an hsp70 promoter and eGFP. Students interpret molecular diagrams and build physical models of eukaryotic gene regulation. 2. In the case of the stickleback, the Pitx1 gene was the same in both types of fishes, but the freshwater fish had the pelvic switch deleted. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Natural_Selection_Simulation_at_PHET : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Natural_Selection_Sim_2 : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Practice_with_Taxonomy_and_Classification : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Reinforcement:_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Teddy_Graham_Lab : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", The_Lion_in_Your_Living_Room : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "The_Stickleback_Fish_-_A_Story_of_Modern_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "What_is_a_Cladogram?" Transcribing DNA to messenger RNA and translating that RNA to protein is often referred to as gene expression. mutation will be the same in all tissues because it is an inherited mutation. Draw in the proteins 2005 Dec;234(4):815-23. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.20564. Label the boxes in Figure 1 with the letters a-e, which correspond to the terms listed below. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. An official website of the United States government. Describe the difference between an operator and an enhancer. Based on the information from the film, what is the difference in the DNA around the Pitx1 gene region between expression in the eye. While sex-determination genes . Development. In which tissue(s) would you expect to see this Pitx1 coding region mutation? 1999 The Pitx1 protein has many important functions in various tissues during stickleback development. However, as shown in the film, Pitx Dev Cell. government site. Each switch The drawings in the surrounding boxes show the Pitx1 gene region and activator proteins present in the jaw, pelvis, eye, or pituitary tissues. Two models will represent the Pitx1 gene region of the marine stickleback. Alleles of Pitx1 from pelvic-complete (FRIL, LITC) and pelvic-reduced populations (PAXB) were combined, MeSH pituitary !_. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "How_Do_Bunny_Populations_Change_Over_Time?" 5. What is a gene variant and how do variants occur? How is it related to gene expression? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal As expected, specimens from six populations with full pelvic structures usually expressed Pitx1 in the limb bud; those from eight populations with left-biased pelvic reduction usually did not express it. Subscribe to The Berkeleyan, our weekly email newsletter. eukaryotic gene transcription and regulation. representations). Use your textbook to Although Pitx1 null mutations are lethal in laboratory animals, Pitx1 regulatory mutations show molecular signatures of positive selection in pelvic-reduced populations. In reality, many activators are present in a particular tissue at any one time. 27. Pitx1 Regulatory Switches - Natural Selection Updated October - Studocu Regulatory Switches in Stickleback Fish - HHMI BioInteractive 691 0 obj
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List all the tissues shown in Figure 2 that express the Pitx1 gene: 7. The pelvic skeleton of threespine stickleback fish contributes to defence against predatory vertebrates, but rare populations exhibit vestigial pelvic phenotypes. a. Protein-coding region b. activators operons ribosomes The basic elements of transcription regulation in eukaryotes are similar to the very well-studied lac and trp operon systems found in bacterial cells. In the space provided below, draw what the Pitx1 gene region looks like in the heart tissue of that freshwater stickleback. The gene responsible for changes in the number of body armor plates in the ninespine fish is located on chromosome 12. Explain the role of each of the following, using the image to help you. Stickleback Gene Switches Teacher - Modeling the Regulatory - Studocu Use the information from the film and your knowledge of eukaryotic gene transcription to answer questions 5-9. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. 11. In the film, Dr. Bell notes that in multiple freshwater populations and at multiple times in history, the frequency of . : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { Anatomy_Worksheets : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Cell_Biology : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Chapter_6 : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Ecology : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Evolution : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetics : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, Investigation: Regulatory Switches of the PITX1 Gene in Stickleback Fish, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:smuskopf" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FLearning_Objects%2FWorksheets%2FBook%253A_The_Biology_Corner_(Worksheets)%2FGenetics%2FInvestigation%253A__Regulatory_Switches_of_the_PITX1_Gene_in_Stickleback_Fish, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\). The PITX1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in development of the lower limbs. %%EOF
These studies illustrate how major expression and morphological changes can arise from single mutational leaps in natural populations, producing new adaptive alleles via recurrent regulatory alterations in a key developmental control gene. Updated August 2015, This hands-on activity supports the short film, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, and, aims to help students understand eukaryotic gene regulation and its role in body development using the Note that for simplicity, we are only showing one activator molecule present in a particular tissue. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 625 0 obj
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Freshwater 11. Modeling the Regulatory Switches of the PITX1 Gene in Stickleback Fish (* There are some notable exceptions: How is Pitx1 expressed in different tissues? (4) Cells acquire somatic mutations. MODELING THE REGULATORY SWITCHES OF THE PITX1GENE IN STICKLEBACK FISH OVERVIEW This hands-on activity supports the short film, The Making of the Fittest: Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies, and aims to help students understand eukaryotic gene regulation and its role in body development using the example of a well-studied gene called Pitx1. Black bars show BAC locations. (For example, there should be no jaw- In addition, students should understand the role of genetic variation in a. species in natural selection and evolution. 90 0 obj
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Circle the fish below that lacks Pitx1 expression in the pelvis and EXPLAIN your choice. The smaller e. RNA polymerase. :T 6YO#jq/V]`0O0@2=2`r`j(=#\F$
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fL~!mLIeJb)X!vd7k6v+x:>[vE`@+@|!2rcZxA%"Jn{!EB@. shaping the body. What is transcription? Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Y A novel enhancer near the Pitx1 gene influences development and - eLife The types and amounts of proteins produced by a given cell in the body are very important and carefully regulated. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_DNA,_Proteins,_and_Sickle_Cell" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_Gel_Electrophoresis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Investigation:_How_Can_Popsicle_Sticks_Be_Used_to_Model_Heredity?" The pelvic skeleton of threespine stickleback fish contributes to defence against predatory vertebrates, but rare populations exhibit vestigial pelvic phenotypes. Assume that a fish inherits a deletion mutation in the pituitary switch which inactivates the switch. . Investigation: Gene Switches in Stickleback Fish These mutations delete a large part of the PITX1 gene or the whole gene, or change a single protein building block (amino acid) in the PITX1 protein. The .gov means its official. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6529. EL Desarrollo Personal. As you saw in the film, the presence or absence of pelvic spines in the stickleback fish is controlled by whether the Pitx1 gene is expressed in the pelvic tissue. Mack KL, Square TA, Zhao B, Miller CT, Fraser HB. Circle the fish below that lacks Pitx1 expression in the pelvis and EXPLAIN your choice. 9. In this activity, Pitx1. check mark next to the tissue(s) that will express Besoke R, Held K, Mundlos S, Kurth I. Deletions in PITX1 cause a spectrum of Students correctly indicate whether Pitx1 is transcribed. This piece will not be used in the activity, but you Circle the fish below that lacks Pitx1 expression in the pelvis and EXPLAIN your choice. Jy[E +;?>DYdUz'GINM Specimens from one of three populations with right-biased or unbiased pelvic reduction sometimes expressed Pitx1. : an American History (Eric Foner), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Ensayo. As shown in the animation, Pitx1 is activated in the pelvic region during development in marine fish. government site. During development, different sets of genes need to be turned on and off in the right places, at the right times, and in the right sequence for bodies to be built correctly. Activators present in a particular tissue bind to a specific sequence on the DNA and turn Pitx1 on in the appropriate tissues. Correctly interpret visual representations of eukaryotic gene transcription. The student models should contain the following: Optional regulatory switch (eye switch) that regulates Pitx Low ionic strength water and absence of predatory fishes are associated with reduction of the pelvic skeleton, and lack of Pitx1 expression in the pelvic region is evidently . PDF The making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation This lesson is designed for two 50-minute class periods (see Teaching Tips for more information). Legal. You isolate the DNA from the heart of the freshwater stickleback that lack pelvic spines. Describe the function of regulatory switches. 2013 Feb 1;374(1):234-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.017. The and transmitted securely. 3. A b. The complete absence of Pitx1 protein from all tissues is lethal to the organism. In both eukaryotic and bacterial systems a protein, either an activator or repressor, binds to a region of the DNA called an operator in prokaryotes and a regulatory switch or enhancer in eukaryotes. The complete absence of Pitx1 protein from all tissues is lethal to the organism. Answers are underlined and bold. Students review eukaryotic gene transcription using the example of a gene called Pitx1, which is involved in the development of pelvic spines in stickleback fish. Elife. (activator 3). These genetic changes delete, insert, or rearrange genetic material near the PITX1 gene; at least five such mutations have been identified in affected individuals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 6. Careers. 2012 Jun;20(6):705-8. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.264. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "How_Can_Gene_Editing_Eliminate_Lyme_Disease?" eye ! Changes in the DNA near the PITX1 gene cause Liebenberg syndrome, a rare condition characterized by abnormal development of the arms, resulting in short fingers (brachydactyly), joint deformities called contractures that limit movement of the elbows and wrists, and other bone and muscle abnormalities. Low ionic strength water and absence of predatory fishes are associated with reduction of the pelvic skeleton, and lack of Pitx1 expression in the pelvic region is evidently the genetic basis for pelvic reduction in several populations. Make sure that students have placed an X over the Pitx1 coding region in all four tissues. Regulating that expression simply means turning on or off or increasing or decreasing the production of a given protein. (Put a check mark next to the tissue(s) Activators present in a particular tissue bind to a specific sequence on the DNA and turn Pitx1 on in the appropriate tissues. Bookshelf They will then create models showing how Pitx1 gene transcription is regulated in two morphologically different populations of stickleback fish. Activators bind to regulatory switches in a sequence-specific manner. Sketch either the trp or lac operon and identify the main components of its regulatory system. J Hered. Please see the Terms of Use for information on how this resource can be used. hbbd```b``~"2"\@.6LIQF0DZ"MH) #H2=wH#)5DZS6l L@7 Jg`
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Edited by Susan Dodge and Laura Bonetta, PhD, HHMI Marine Stickleback Pelvis Transcription is ON Siegel M, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Zoo_Scavenger_Hunt : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { Anatomy_Worksheets : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Cell_Biology : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Chapter_6 : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Ecology : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Evolution : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Genetics : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, Investigation: Gene Switches in Stickleback Fish, https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FLearning_Objects%2FWorksheets%2FBook%253A_The_Biology_Corner_(Worksheets)%2FEvolution%2FInvestigation%253A_Gene_Switches_in_Stickleback_Fish, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), REGULATORY SWITCHES OF THE PITX1 GENE IN STICKLEBACK FISH, PART 3: GENE REGULATION IN DIFFERENT TISSUES.
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