who was the first king of scandinavia

Sweden decided to join the alliance against France in 1813 and was promised Norway as a reward. His church at Birka was highly rejected however, so it was not until Olof . Swedish Vikings: A Guide To Viking Age Swedes & Their Journeys Vikings placed heavy emphasis on battle, honor and focused on the idea of Valhalla, a mythical home with the gods for fallen warriors. It also helped that the French regent Cardinal Richelieu was willing to pay for a Danish incursion into Germany. The Nordic Bronze Age ended with a deteriorating, colder and wetter climate. The earlier kings are for the most part only attested in Icelandic sagas, sometimes contradictory mixtures of myths and poetry, written in the 11th13th centuries, several centuries after the events described in them. As the climate slowly warmed up at the end of the ice age and deglaciation took place, nomadic hunters from central Europe sporadically visited the region, but it was not until around 12,000 BCE before permanent, but nomadic, habitation took root. Olaf and Olaf II had been baptized voluntarily outside of Norway. During the last centuries, influences from the Central European La Tne culture spread to Scandinavia from northwestern Germany, and there are finds from this period from all the provinces of southern Scandinavia. All the International Royals Attending King Charles' Coronation - Insider Beowulf was connected to King Cnut, study finds Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV before him, came to aid the German Lutherans to forestall Catholic aggression against their homeland and to obtain economic influence in the German states around the Baltic Sea. On 17 May 1814 the Constitution of Norway was signed by the assembly, and Christian Frederik was elected as king of independent Norway. As the direct predecessors of Eric the Victorious, Icelandic sources give Bjrn Eriksson, preceded by Erik Anundsson. However, The Kalmar War ended with a minor Danish victory and not the total defeat of the Swedes. St. Olaf III "Skotkonung", King of Sweden (995-1022) ( Old Norse : lfr skautkonungr) sometimes stylized as . (Middle to Late Mesolithic), Scandinavia was populated by mobile or semi-sedentary groups about whom little is known. Crowned king of England on Christmas Day in 1066, William managed to retain the crown against further Danish challenges. List of legendary kings of Sweden - Wikipedia In 1635 he became Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen too.) [8], The Ynglinga saga contains no references to chronology (such as specific dates of the reigns of the various kings) with the exception of presenting the rulers in chronological order. Harald Bluetooth & the Conversion of Denmark - World History Encyclopedia Rollo, or Rolf, was a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy in Northern France. Danes were notable for their devoted efforts to protect Danish Jews. From this time archaeologists have found swords, shieldbosses, spearheads, scissors, sickles, pincers, knives, needles, buckles, kettles, etc. Negotiations in Karlstad led to agreement with Sweden on 23 September and mutual demobilization. Through the 5th century and 6th century, gold and silver became more common. Wait a moment and try again. Rollo is remarkable mostly for his descendants. The early Germanic Iron Age decorations show animals that are rather faithful anatomically, but in the late Germanic Iron Age they evolve into intricate shapes with interlacing and interwoven limbs that are well known from the Viking Age. In Denmark industrialization began in, and was confined to, Copenhagen until the 1890s, after which smaller towns began to grow rapidly. When King Charles the Bald began defending West Frankia more energetically in 862, fortifying towns, abbeys, rivers and coastal areas, Viking forces began to concentrate more on England than Frankia. Ahead of the coronation, Buckingham Palace has unveiled new portraits of King Charles III and Queen Camilla in the Blue Drawing Room at the royal residence . Rollo - Wikipedia Ferdinand II dismissed Wallenstein in 1630. The Finnish War was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. Because he was the first King to rule over the entirety of Norway, he is considered the country's first King. Treat yourself to a night in the original design hotel, the Royal Hotel Copenhagen, whose architect Arne Jacobsen is the father of Danish Modernism. The events of 1066 in England effectively marked the end of the Viking Age. Denmark's strategy proved the more beneficial in the short run. Famous Vikings The Maglemosian culture lived in Denmark and southern Sweden. The Kongemose culture was dominant in this time period. The Kalmar War in 16111613 was the last serious (although possibly unrealistic) attempt by a Danish King (Christian IV) to re-create the Kalmar Union by force. In the first half of the 10th century, English armies led by the descendants of Alfred of Wessex began reconquering Scandinavian areas of England; the last Scandinavian king, Erik Bloodaxe, was expelled and killed around 952, permanently uniting English into one kingdom. The Danes and then Swedes intervened at various points to protect their interests. Apart from raiding, they were also settlers and traders who traveled through much of Europe and Central Asia, trading goods and slaves. Fauna included aurochs, wisent, moose and red deer. Were There Ever African Vikings? - Scandinavia Facts Famous Scandinavian Kings from Sweden Viking armies (mostly Danish) conquered East Anglia and Northumberland and dismantled Mercia, while in 871 King Alfred the Great of Wessex became the only king to decisively defeat a Danish army in England. The Danish East India Company operated out of Tranquebar. Cnut was a strong ruler and England became . Iceland first became colonized in the late 9th century[citation needed] . Norway remains outside the European Union to this day after referendums on membership in 1972 and 1994, although it is a signatory of the Schengen treaty and a member of the European Economic Area. Bronze continued to be used for torques and kettles, the style of which were a continuity from the Bronze Age. The main wave of Scandinavian emigration occurred in the 1860s lasting until the 1880s, although substantial emigration continued until the 1930s. One important collection that exists, however, is a widespread and rich collection of stone drawings known as petroglyphs. The Vikings invaded and eventually settled in Scotland[citation needed] , England[citation needed], Greenland[citation needed] , the Faroe Islands[citation needed] , Iceland[citation needed] , Ireland[citation needed] , Livonia[citation needed] , Normandy[citation needed] , the Shetland Islands, Sicily, Rus' and Vinland, on what is now known as the Island of Newfoundland[citation needed] . By formulating a law that made Christianity the official religion, but also that religious practice in the private sphere was outside of the law, he managed to stave off the threat from Norway, limiting the feuds and avoiding an religiously motivated civil war.[23]. [23] Adam of Bremen's line of kings is thus: The Sparlsa Runestone, created c. 800, mentions several names, including the name Alrkr (Alaric) in an unclear context, the name Eirkr (Eric) in reference to a king at Uppsala and the name Eyvsl as the son of this Eirkr. Opposition parties were eliminated and Nasjonal Samling ("National Unity"), the Norwegian fascist political party, appointed all government officials. Scandinavia in C.W. Haakon the Good was the first king to make efforts to convert the whole country, but the rebellious pagan chieftains forced him to apostatize. It is not known what language these early Scandinavians spoke, but towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they were overrun by new tribes who many scholars think spoke Proto-Indo-European, the Battle-Axe culture. [5] Many of the legendary kings would have ruled during the Migration Period (c. 375550) and subsequent Vendel Period (c. 550790), but larger political structures in Scandinavia (i. e. the medieval kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark) are not believed to have formed and centralized until the Viking Age. Canute (I), byname Canute the Great, Danish Knut, or Knud, den Store, Norwegian Knut den Mektige, (died Nov. 12, 1035), Danish king of England (1016-35), of Denmark (as Canute II; 1019-35), and of Norway (1028-35), who was a power in the politics of Europe in the 11th century, respected by both emperor and pope. In 844, Vikings stormed Seville (then controlled by the Arabs); in 859, they plundered Pisa, though an Arab fleet battered them on the way back north. In the wave of Viking attacks in England after 851, only one kingdomWessexwas able to successfully resist. During this period Scandinavia gave rise to the first known advanced civilization in this area following the Nordic Stone Age. Vlvas, practitioners of seid, a Scandinavian pre-Christian tradition, were executed or exiled under newly Christianized governments in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. This new people advanced up to Uppland and the Oslofjord, and they probably provided the language that was the ancestor of the modern Scandinavian languages. Even if it was not initially foreseen, the perceived security led to a situation where the formally separate currencies were accepted on a basis of "as good as" the legal tender virtually throughout the entire area. This is also the period when the Germanic tribes became known to the Mediterranean world and the Romans. Swedes join Danes and Norwegians in England. [4] Modern scholarship does not see sagas such as the Ynglinga saga as good sources for genuine historical information. Baron Karl Otto Mrner, an obscure member of the Diet, was the one who initially extended the offer of the Swedish crown to the young soldier. We exists to inform people about the people, culture, and history . This Is the Most Historically Accurate Viking Movie of All Time While many Germanic tribes sustained continued contact with the culture and military presence of the Roman Empire, much of Scandinavia existed on the most extreme periphery of the Latin world. After planning for months, Germany invaded both Denmark and Norway the same day, 9 April 1940, days before Britain planned to invade.[34]. In A.D. 793, an attack on the Lindisfarne monastery off the coast of Northumberland in northeastern England marked the beginning of the Viking Age. They granted the Jews that escaped from Denmark asylum and gave notable aid to Finland during the Winter War. Also, Danes were considered fellow Nordics and Aryans by Nazi ideologues, which further helped the country. Olaf II managed to bring English clergy to his country. The Christianization of Scandinavia was a long and painful process, filled with blood, sweat, and war. The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers. [9] The Yngling dynasty is sometimes referred to as the "Royal House of Uppsala" in later scholarship.[10]. They continued with the Urnfield culture tradition of burning corpses and placing the remains in urns. A Brief History of Purgatory | Time The countries had given up their sovereignty but not their independence, and diverging interests (especially Swedish dissatisfaction over the Danish and Holsteinish dominance) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper it from the 1430s until its final dissolution in 1523.[24]. History of Scandinavia - Wikipedia In 1016, Cnut became king of England, and after further campaigns in Scandinavia he could claim in 1027 to be 'king of the whole of England and Denmark and Norway and of parts of Sweden'.. These repressive measures ensured that the cooperation was small. [4] The earliest legendary dynasty, the Ynglings, may be an entirely invented sequence of kings, serving to justify and legitimize the later dynasties and rulers in Scandinavia who claimed descent from them. Sturluson would have had access to older (now lost) manuscripts when writing the Ynglinga saga, but this does not necessarily corroborate anything that appears in the Ynglinga saga as true. His reign saw an extended period of internal peace, although state finances stagnated following failed mercantilist doctrines pursued by the Hat administration. [13] The Ynglinga saga might also be an example of anti-royal social commentary rather than an attempt to tell history. Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. Together with Finland and Iceland, almost a third of the population left in the eighty years after 1850. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. As the story goes, King Gylfi thinks he will be able to sneak into Asgard without anyone knowing who he was, but the gods foresaw his arrival and made the realm appear even more grand than it was in . This page was last edited on 26 April 2023, at 00:01. Part of the reason for the large exodus was the increasing population caused by falling death rates, which increased unemployment. Royal Hotel, Denmark. [22], The Icelandic Commonwealth adopted Christianity in 1000 AD, after pressure from Norway. The foreign influence is believed to originate with amber trade, and amber found in Mycenaean graves from this period originates from the Baltic Sea. . Norway's large merchant marine delivered vital supplies to Britain but suffered huge losses in ships and sailors because of indiscriminate attack by the German navy. A plebiscite on 13 August confirmed the parliamentary decision. This is when pre-Viking-Age Scandanavians likely settled. The final few kings considered part of the Muns dynasty by the Icelandic sagas; Eric the Victorious, Olof Sktkonung, Anund Jacob and Emund the Old, were real historical kings, though that does not mean that their legendary ancestors were real historical figures. Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, http://blog.svd.se/historia/2011/10/13/varfor-jag-inte-tror-pa-sagokungar/, "Concerning Mass Graves: the Use, Development and Identities Within Mass Graves During the Scandinavian Iron Age and Middle Ages", "Kungalngder och historieskrivning: Fornsvenska och fornislndska kllor om Sveriges historia", "De ldsta sveakungarna enligt Ynglingasagan", "Kings and Queens of Sweden A thousand year succession", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_legendary_kings_of_Sweden&oldid=1135221997, This page was last edited on 23 January 2023, at 10:58. Adam of Bremen instead gives a more linear succession of Eric and Eric, followed by Halsten, Anund Grdske and then Hkan the Red. He became King after defeating rival jarls and taking over their lands. They began to discuss a Scandinavian defence union. The Scandinavians adopted many central European and Mediterranean symbols at the same time that they created new styles and objects. Sweden began consolidating its empire. [12] Most of the sagas known today, the Ynglinga saga included, were composed during a relatively brief period, from the 12th to 13th century, a time when royal power was being consolidated in Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Both East India Companies folded over the course of the Napoleonic Wars. can be found in the traditional lands of the Sami. By that time, all of the Scandinavian kingdoms were Christian, and what remained of Viking culture was being absorbed into the culture of Christian Europe. The history of Scandinavia is the history of the geographical region of Scandinavia and its peoples. "The Scandinavian currency union 18751914." From c. 9,000 to 6,000 B.P. [4] The Ynglings are described in the Ynglinga saga as the first royal blood line of the Swedes. There are also many bog bodies from this time in Denmark, Schleswig and southern Sweden. [35] Denmark surrendered two hours after invasion, having lost just sixteen men. But the historicity of most legendary kings remains impossible to verify due to a lack of sources. The traditions were a continuity from the Nordic Bronze Age, but there were strong influences from the Hallstatt culture in Central Europe. The adoption of Christianity is believed to have aided in the absorption of Viking communities into the greater religious and cultural framework of the European continent. Denmark remained primarily agricultural until well into the 20th century, but agricultural processes were modernized and processing of dairy and meats became more important than the export of raw agricultural products. Their common groundand what made them different from the European peoples they confrontedwas that they came from a foreign land, they were not civilized in the local understanding of the word andmost importantlythey were not Christian. Olaf I Tryggvason, King of Norway | Encyclopedia.com There are also numerous artifacts of bronze and gold. On 4 November 1814, the Norwegian Parliament adopted the constitutional amendments required to enter a union with Sweden, and elected king Charles XIII as king of Norway. He succeeded his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf, since his own father, Prince Gustaf Adolf, had died in a plane crash in 1947, when Carl Gustaf was less than a year old. Together with the bodies, there are weapons, household wares and clothes of wool. These seafaring warriors-known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen. King Gylfi was the first king of Scandinavia and was known to have used the name Gangleri when trying to hide his identity on many occasions. In 911 the Viking leader Rollo became the first duke of Normandy, as a vassal of Charles III of France. The monetary union was one of the few tangible results of the Scandinavian political movement of the 19th century.[31]. After Knuts death, his two sons succeeded him, but both were dead by 1042 and Edward the Confessor, son of the previous (non-Danish) king, returned from exile and regained the English throne from the Danes. They have inhabited the northern arctic and sub-arctic regions of Fenno-Scandinavia and Russia for at least 5,000 years. Also like Christian IV, Gustavus Adolphus was subsidized by Richelieu, the Chief Minister of King Louis XIII of France, and by the Dutch. The Kirk Douglas . For several decades, the Vikings confined themselves to hit-and-run raids against coastal targets in the British Isles (particularly Ireland) and Europe (the trading center of Dorestad, 80 kilometers from the North Sea, became a frequent target after 830). One of the most prominent finds is the Dejbjerg wagon from Jutland, a four-wheeled wagon of wood with bronze parts. The Swedish Ynglings might have been invented to glorify the Norwegian kings further, giving them a glorious and mythical past associated with Uppsala. The Early History of Scandinavia - Origins, Vikings and More Denmark voted no to the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, but reversed the decision after negotiating opt-outs. In the ninth century, Scandinavians (mainly Norwegians) began to colonize Iceland, an island in the North Atlantic where no one had yet settled in large numbers. One million came from Sweden, 300,000 from Denmark, and 730,000 from Norway. Odin, also called Wodan, Woden, or Wotan, one of the principal gods in Norse mythology. Both Sweden and Denmark-Norway maintained a number of colonies outside Scandinavia starting in the 17th century lasting until the 20th century. Ynglinga saga appears to have been based on an earlier scaldic poem, Ynglingatal, which is quoted at length by Snorri. For the first time in 900 years, kings and queens from around the world are going to a British coronation. The name Viking came from the Scandinavians themselves, from the Old Norse word "vik" (bay or creek) which formed the root of "vikingr" (pirate). It was one of the factors that led Germany to grant the Danes a high degree of autonomy. Sweden had the short lived colony New Sweden in Delaware in North America during the 1630s and later acquired the islands of Saint-Barthlemy (17851878) and Guadeloupe in the Caribbean. Denmark also maintained colonies in India, Tranquebar and Frederiksnagore. The Ynglinga saga presents the following line of Yngling kings of the Swedes: Sturluson's Ynglinga saga was created far too late to serve as a reliable source in regards to the events and kings it describes, being separated from the earliest ones by several centuries. The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate (which is compared to that of the Mediterranean), which permitted a relatively dense population, but it ended with a climate change consisting of deteriorating, wetter and colder climate (sometimes believed to have given rise to the legend of the Fimbulwinter) and it seems very likely that the climate pushed the Germanic tribes southwards into continental Europe. The first Christian missionary was the Anglo-Saxon Willibord (c. 700), who accomplished little. Viking | History, Exploration, Facts, & Maps | Britannica In the peace negotiations, Christian Frederik agreed to relinquish claims to the Norwegian crown and return to Denmark if Sweden would accept the democratic Norwegian constitution and a loose personal union. The Norwegian vice-roy and heir to the throne of Denmark-Norway, Christian Frederik took the lead in a national uprising, assumed the title of regent, and convened a constitutional assembly at Eidsvoll. The Kalmar Union (Danish/Norwegian/Swedish: Kalmarunionen) was a series of personal unions (13971520) that united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under a single monarch. Derry, T.K. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering. First Look With Surveillance: Microsoft, Alphabet. Following growing dissatisfaction with the union in Norway, the parliament unanimously declared its dissolution on 7 June 1905. Some within Ferdinand II's court believed that Wallenstein wanted to take control of the German princes and thus gain influence over the emperor. Norwegian police, controlled by the Quisling government, aided in the capture of Norwegian Jews in 1942. How Did the Vikings Convert to Christianity - DailyHistory.org Nevertheless, there was a hostile relationship, with an occupation force of almost one German for every ten Norwegians. Clerc, Louis; Glover, Nikolas; Jordan, Paul, eds. Viking Kings | Viking Kings Timeline | Famous Viking Kings | VKNG The northern hunter/gatherers followed the herds and the salmon runs, moving south during the winters, moving north again during the summers. Germany eventually reacted by eliminating Denmark's representative government and imposing martial law. Though a majority of the kings from Olof Sktkonung onwards appear in the Icelandic sources with the same name and overall chronology, the Icelandic sources also contain the figure Blot-Sweyn, who is only present in some of the Swedish sources (and notably absent in Vstgtalagen, an important early Swedish legal document) and a king by the name Kol or Erik rsll, completely absent in the Swedish sources. The Bishop of Winchester later confirmed him. Olaf Tryggvason started the destruction of pagan cult sites in the late 10th century, but only Olaf Haraldsson achieved the official adaption of Christianity in the 1020s. witosawa 3. Leaving Wessex, the Danes settled to the north, in an area known as Danelaw. Many of them became farmers and traders and established York as a leading mercantile city. [18], The existence of Ivar Vidfamne and his dynasty, at least in the way described in the sagas, is considered highly unlikely in modern scholarship. Denmark: Queen Margrethe II is the first female monarch to reign in Denmark since her name sake, Margrethe I, who was credited for uniting the three Scandinavian countries within the Kalmar Union in the 1400s. The period succeeding the fall of the Roman Empire is known as the Germanic Iron Age, and it is divided into the early Germanic Iron and the late Germanic Iron Age, which in Sweden is known as the Vendel Age, with rich burials in the basin of Lake Mlaren. Petroglyphs and archeological findings such as settlements dating from about 10,000B.C. [5][6][7], Since prehistoric times,[8][9] the Sami people of Arctic Europe have lived and worked in an area that stretches over the northern parts of the regions now known as Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Russian Kola Peninsula. Medieval Scandinavia: The Swedish Kingdom - Medievalists.net Thank you for visiting Scandinavia Facts. Many Scandinavians emigrated to Canada, the United States, Australia, Africa, and New Zealand during the later nineteenth century. Who is the first King of Scandinavia? The war with Britain was fought at sea in a series of battles, Battle of Zealand Point, Battle of Lyngr, and Battle of Anholt, by the remnants of the Danish fleet in the ensuing years, as the Danes tried to break the British blockade, in what became known as the Gunboat War. Adolf Frederick or Adolph Frederick was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach. and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after . A relatively large number of ethnic Danes from southern Jutland fought in the German army.[32][33]. The centralization of power under one monarch is believed to have resulted from, or at the very least have been connected to, Viking expansion, with petty kings increasing their power through aggressive military ventures directed both to foreign lands (i. e. Viking raids) and against their neighbors. Though only a few examples survive, medieval Swedish lists of kings overwhelmingly begin with Olof Sktkonung, the first Christian king of Sweden, suggesting that he, and not any of the previous legendary figures, was seen as Sweden's first king. Christian IV had profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany (Hamburg had been forced to accept Danish sovereignty in 1621, and in 1623 the Danish heir apparent was made Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. As Ivar is described as building a vast empire, including parts of Britain and northern Germany, it is unlikely that contemporary and later writers in Europe would not have written of him, had he existed. Near the beginning of World War II in late 1939, both the Allies and the Axis Powers feared their enemies gaining power in Scandinavia. King of Scandinavia - Wikipedia Maria Noyen. He won the Frisvellir battle at Old Uppsala after sacrificing to Odin that if he won, he would give himself for ten years. [7], The sequence of legendary kings below derives from medieval Icelandic poet and historian Snorri Sturluson's Ynglinga saga, the first section of the saga collection Heimskringla. Scandinavian furs were highly prized in the new trading markets; from their trade with the Europeans, Scandinavians learned about new sailing technology as well as about the growing wealth and accompanying inner conflicts between European kingdoms. Kalmar Union - Wikipedia The first monarch of this union was not a king, but a queen cal. Another Norse tradition was that of blood feuds, which particularly had devastated Iceland. in Jaime Reis, ed.. Johan den Hertog and Samul Kruizinga, eds. In the Caribbean, Denmark started a colony on St Thomas in 1671, St John in 1718, and purchased Saint Croix from France in 1733. [6], According to the Ynglinga saga, the Yngling dynasty's rule in Sweden was succeeded by Ivar Vidfamne, previously a petty king in Scania, who founded a new royal line. King Christian Frederik abdicated and left for Denmark in October, and the Norwegian Storting (parliament) elected the Swedish king as King of Norway, after having enacted such amendments to the constitution as were necessary to allow for the union with Sweden.

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