cfi notebook navigation and flight planning

Still looking for something? The data is available by subscription only and is distributed on CD-ROM or by ftp download arrivals, and GPS/RNAV instrument approach, These digital VFR charts are geo-referenced images of FAA Sectional Aeronautical, TAC, and Helicopter Route charts. ), Similar to RNP AR approaches, RNP AR departure procedures have stringent equipage and pilot training standards and require special FAA authorization to fly. Fly CFI Sacramento. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Advisory Circular (91-92) Pilot's Guide to a Preflight Briefing. IFR En-Route Charts - CFI Notebook The two terms, often used interchangeably, in fact mean different things: Courses are the direction which the aircraft is actually traveling (impacted by winds), Headings are the directions which the aircraft faces (where it is pointed). GPS is also a necessary component of the Aircraft Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) - an aircraft safety system that alerts pilots of upcoming terrain. Still looking for something? It is the sole aircraft position-reporting source for Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B). notebook-8/,$1 %/$1&+$5'. The separate Equipment Requirements box will list ground-based equipment and/or airport specific requirements. Call: (916) 427-7707. navigation and flight planning preflight planning Preflight Planning Introduction: FAR 91.103 that "Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight" which includes Aircraft Procedures Aircraft Performance Airport Information Equipment Familiarity For example, an ILS with an RNAV missed approach would require a specific capability to fly the missed approach portion of the procedure. This means that your aircraft may be eligible for RNP 1 operations, but you may not fly an RF turn unless RF turns are also specifically listed as a feature of your avionics suite, RNP 2 will apply to both domestic and oceanic/remote operations with a lateral accuracy value of 2, RNP 4 will apply to oceanic and remote operations only with a lateral accuracy value of 4, RNP 4 eligibility will automatically confer RNP 10 eligibility, The RNP 10 NavSpec applies to certain oceanic and remote operations with a lateral accuracy of 10. Pilots transitioning to VOR navigation in response to GPS anomalies should refer to the Chart Supplement U.S. to identify airports with available conventional approaches associated with the VOR Minimum Operational Network (MON) program. Additionally, some satellite communications avionics use GPS signals for operations in oceanic and remote airspaces. Flight instructor - Wikipedia CFI Notebook Aviation Information comes from a variety of sources, which requires a lifetime of dedication to perfect. Still looking for something? Trust our experience to help you soar. ", Checkpoints should be appropriately 10 NM apart, They may be points off the route which you can identify when abeam, Use of tools such as satellite maps (Google, Bing, etc.) Flight Deck Management Lesson Plan - CFI Notebook Supporting structures such as guy wires exist here as well, Some locations identify these obstructions with unique sequencing flashing white strobe light systems, However, many power lines do not require notice to the FAA and, therefore, are not marked and/or lighted, Many of those that do require notice do not exceed 200 feet AGL or meet the Obstruction Standard of 14 CFR Part 77 and, therefore, are not marked and/or lighted, Pilots are cautioned to remain extremely vigilant, especially in the case of seaplane and/or float-equipped aircraft, The majority of unmanned free balloons currently being operated have, extending below them, either a suspension device to which the payload or instrument package is attached or a trailing wire antenna, or both, Good judgment on the part of the pilot dictates that aircraft should remain well clear of all unmanned free balloons and flight below them should be avoided at all times, Pilots are urged to report any unmanned free balloons sighted to the nearest FAA ground facility with which communication is established to assist FAA ATC facilities in identifying and flight following unmanned free balloons operating in the airspace. There are examples of false "terrain-pull up" warnings during GPS anomalies, When flying IFR, pilots should have additional navigation equipment for their intended route to crosscheck their position. Use of RNP 0.3 by slow-flying fixed-wing aircraft is under consideration, but the RNP 0.3 NavSpec initially will apply only to rotorcraft operations. Because of the many uses of GPS in aviation (e.g., navigation, ADS-B, terrain awareness/warning systems), operators of aircraft using GPS need to be aware of these vulnerabilities, and be able to recognize and adjust to degraded signals. (See 1-1-13). CFI Notebook: "Higher" Education The Flight InstructorAirplane Practical Test Standards book has been published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for the flight instructor certification practical tests for the airplane category and the single- engine and multiengine classes. The aeronautical information includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace, special-use airspace, obstructions, and related data Scale 1 inch = 6.86nm/1:500,000 Revised every 56 days, except most Alaskan charts are revised annually Charts can be purchased through Amazon Amazon, Sectional Aeronautical Chart Within PBN there are two main categories of navigation methods: In this context, the term RNAV "x" means a specific navigation specification with a specified lateral accuracy value, For an aircraft to meet the requirements of PBN, a specified RNAV or RNP accuracy must be met 95 percent of the flight time, RNP is an RNAV system that includes onboard performance monitoring and alerting capability (for example, Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)), PBN also introduces the concept of navigation specifications (Nav Specs) which are a set of aircraft and aircrew requirements needed to support a navigation application within a defined airspace concept, For both RNP and RNAV NavSpecs, the numerical designation refers to the lateral navigation accuracy in nautical miles which is expected to be achieved at least 95 percent of the flight time by the population of aircraft operating within the airspace, route, or procedure, This information is detailed in International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Doc 9613, Performance-based Navigation (PBN) Manual and the latest FAA AC 90-105, Approval Guidance for RNP Operations and Barometric Vertical Navigation in the U.S. National Airspace System and in Remote and Oceanic Airspace, RNAV is a method of navigation that permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground- or space-based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of these. Airplane Flight Controls Lesson - wificfi.com RNP AR DP is intended to provide specific benefits at specific locations. Continue searching. Each procedure is designated for use with a specific electronic navigational aid, such as ILS, VOR, NDB, RNAV, etc. GPS with or without Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) (for example, WAAS) can provide the lateral information to support LNAV minima. It is this concept that requires each NavSpec eligibility to be listed separately in the avionics documents or AFM. PDF Flight Instructor PTS with changes 1 through 6 U.S. standard lateral accuracy values typically used for various routes and procedures supporting RNAV operations may be based on use of a specific navigational system or sensor such as GPS, or on multi-sensor RNAV systems having suitable performance Depiction of PBN Requirements: No other modification of database waypoints or the creation of user-defined waypoints on published RNAV or RNP procedures is permitted, except to: Change altitude and/or airspeed waypoint constraints to comply with an ATC clearance/instruction, Insert a waypoint along the published route to assist in complying with ATC instruction, example, "Descend via the WILMS arrival except cross 30 north of BRUCE at/or below FL 210." | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Aeronautical Information Manual (1-2-2) Required Navigation Performance (RNP), Aeronautical Information Manual (5-1-16) RNAV and RNP Operations, Aeronautical Information Manual (5-5-16) RNAV and RNP Operations, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Required Navigation Performance, or RNP, is RNAV with the added requirement for onboard performance monitoring and alerting (OBPMA), RNP standards are required for operation within a certain airspace, A critical component of RNP is the ability of the aircraft navigation system to monitor its achieved navigation performance, and to identify for the pilot whether the operational requirement is, or is not, being met during an operation, RNP capability of the aircraft is a major component in determining the separation criteria to ensure that the overall containment of the operation is met, OBPMA capability therefore allows a lessened reliance on air traffic control intervention and/or procedural separation to achieve the overall safety of the operation, The RNP capability of an aircraft will vary depending upon the aircraft equipment and the navigation infrastructure [, For example, an aircraft may be eligible for RNP 1, but may not be capable of RNP 1 operations due to limited NAVAID coverage or avionics failure. Pilots may descend when established on-course on the next segment of the approach, The Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) or avionics documents for your aircraft should specifically state the aircraft's RNP eligibilities, Contact the manufacturer of the avionics or the aircraft if this information is missing or incomplete, U.S. standard NavSpecs above support typical RNP airspace however, other NavSpecs may include different lateral accuracy values as identified by ICAO or other states. airport hours of operations, types of fuel available, runway widths, lighting codes, etc. Information on available Canadian charts and publications may be obtained from designated FAA chart agents or by contacting the: Information on available Mexican charts and publications may be obtained by contacting: A free ICAO Publications and Audio-Visual Training Aids Catalogue is available from: The FAA publishes a list of charts and publications with the, Additional information regarding content on aeronautical charts can be found in the. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. A-RNP allows for scalable RNP lateral navigation values (either 1.0 or 0.3) in the terminal environment. GBAS Landing System (GLS) procedures are also constructed using RNP APCH NavSpecs and provide precision approach capability. ", [Figure 1-4] Boundaries separating the jurisdiction of Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) are depicted on charts with blue serrations, The name of the controlling facility is printed on the corresponding side of the division line, ARTCC remote sites are depicted as blue serrated boxes and contain the center name, sector name, and the sector frequency. If you need to travel 10 NM, and you have a ground speed of 100 knots, how long will it take? Loss of Communications. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Products: Flight Information Publication (FLIP) Planning Documents, FLIP En-route Charts and Chart Supplements, FLIP Instrument Approach Procedures (IAPs), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), https://www.icao.int/publications/Pages/catalogue.aspx, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-1) General, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-2) Obtaining Aeronautical Charts, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-3) Selected Charts and Products Available, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-4) General Description of each Chart Series, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-5) Where and How to Get Charts of Foreign Areas, Federal Aviation Administration - Aeronautical Chart User's Guide, Federal Aviation Administration - AeroNav, Federal Aviation Administration - AeroNav Digital Products, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Civil aeronautical charts for the U.S. and its territories and possessions are produced by the. Time, distance, and speed calculations information, Determining Courses & Headings Information, CFI Notebook.net - Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs), Air Safety Institute's "A Visit to the Grey Lady", Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Aeronautical Information Manual (3-1-5) VFR Cruising Altitudes and Flight Levels, Aeronautical Information Manual (7-6-4) Obstructions To Flight, Aeronautical Information Manual (7-6-5) Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons, Federal Aviation Regulations (91.119) Minimum safe altitudes: General, While often associated with completing a navigation log for a cross-country, flight planning is a process that must be conducted even for local flights in the traffic pattern, It is a descriptive process therefore involving more than one, If no wind information is available, plan using statistical winds, make them headwinds to be conservative in your fuel planning, Charts are all "true" as in true north and must be compensated to find magnetic north, Diverts (direction and channels/frequencies), Check points should be set approximately 10 NM apart, The purpose of flight planning is to become familiar with information pertaining to an intended flight, The work put in is also necessary to accurately complete FAA Form 7233-1, better known as a, According to FAR 91.103, pilots in command are required to familiarize themselves with information pertaining to the flight, The "how" is a product of flight planning but the "who, what, when, and where" provides a useful starting point, These required actions can be remembered using the acronym "NW KRAFT" or "WX-KRAFTN", A: Alternatives if the flight cannot be completed as planned, There are no requirements within the Federal Aviation Regulations to select and plan for an alternate, This does not preclude you from being prepared, In addition to the 1-2-3 rule, if your destination does not have an instrument approach procedure published, an alternate must be chosen in case the field were to fall into instrument meteorologic conditions. Further, any aircraft eligible for RNP 4 operations is automatically qualified for RNP 10/ RNAV 10 operations. Table of Contents Areas of Operation: Single-Engine Land I. Flight planning is the process in which a pilot prepares for an upcoming flight While often associated with completing a navigation log for a cross-country, flight planning is a process that must be conducted even for local flights in the traffic pattern It is a descriptive process therefore involving more than one type of navigation and the termination point (e.g., the path terminates at an altitude, distance, fix, etc. At the alternate airport, pilots may plan for applicable alternate airport weather minimums using: Lateral navigation (LNAV) or circling minimum descent altitude (MDA); LNAV/vertical navigation (LNAV/VNAV) DA, if equipped with and using approved barometric vertical navigation (baroVNAV) equipment; RNP 0.3 DA on an RNAV (RNP) IAP, if they are specifically authorized users using approved baroVNAV equipment and the pilot has verified required navigation performance (RNP) availability through an approved prediction program, If the above conditions cannot be met, any required alternate airport must have an approved instrument approach procedure other than GPS that is anticipated to be operational and available at the estimated time of arrival, and which the aircraft is equipped to fly, This restriction does not apply to TSOC145() and TSOC146() equipped users (WAAS users), The low-strength data transmission signals from GPS satellites are vulnerable to various anomalies that can significantly reduce the reliability of the navigation signal. Designated to expedite clearance delivery and to facilitate transition between takeoff and en route operations, Furnishes pilots departure routing clearance information in graphic and textual form, Designated to expedite ATC arrival procedures and to facilitate transition between en route and instrument approach operations, They depict pre-planned IFR ATC arrival procedures in graphic and textual form, Each STAR procedure is presented as a separate chart and may serve either a single airport or more than one airport in a given geographical area, Full page airport diagrams are designed to assist in the movement of ground traffic at locations with complex runway/taxiway configurations and provided information for updating geodetic position navigational systems aboard aircraft, Airport diagrams are available for free download at the AeroNav website, Contains all terminal flight procedures for civil and military aviation in Alaska, Included are IAP charts, DP charts, STAR charts, airport diagrams, radar minimums, and supplementary support data such as IFR alternate minimums, take-off minimums, rate of descent tables, rate of climb tables and inoperative components tables, Revised every 56 days with provisions for a Terminal Change Notice, as required, Designated for preflight and en route flight planning for IFR/VFR flights, Depiction includes low altitude airways and mileage, NAVAIDs, airports, special use airspace, cities, time zones, major drainage, and directory of airports with their airspace classification, and a mileage table showing great circle distances between major airports, Revised annually, and is available either folded or unfolded for wall mounting, A VFR planning chart on the reverse side of the Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands VFR Terminal Area Chart, Includes mileage between airports of entry, a selection of special use airspace and a directory of airports with their available services, This chart is designed for VFR preflight planning and chart selection, It includes aeronautical and topographic information of the state of Alaska, The aeronautical information includes public and military airports; radio aids to navigation; and Class B, Class C, TRSA and special-use airspace, The topographic information includes city tint, populated places, principal roads, and shaded relief, The one sided chart is 58.5 x 40.75 inches and is designed for wall mounting. If RAIM is not available, pilots need an approved alternate means of navigation, An aircraft is considered to be established on-course during RNAV and RNP operations anytime it is within 1 times the required accuracy for the segment being flown. ), The RNP 0.3 NavSpec requires a lateral accuracy value of 0.3 for all authorized phases of flight. In general, these types of unintentional interference are localized and intermittent. Digital-VC DVDs are updated every 28 days and are available by subscription only, For the latest information regarding publication availability visit the, Area Planning - Special Use Airspace - Planning Charts, Caribbean and South America - Low Altitude, Caribbean and South America - High Altitude, Europe, North Africa, and Middle East - Low Altitude, Europe, North Africa, and Middle East - High Altitude, VFR Arrival/Departure Routes - Europe and Korea, Aeronautical Chart Updating Manual (CHUM), Global Navigation and Planning Charts (GNC), Jet Navigation Charts (JNC) and Universal Jet Navigation Charts (JNU), Sight Reduction Tables for Air Navigation (PUB249). Continue searching. CFI Notebook Flight Training Aircraft Operations Aerodynamics & Performance Maneuvers & Procedures Operation of Aircraft Systems Weather & Atmosphere National Airspace System Avionics & Instruments Publications & References Aeromedical & Human Factors Navigation & Flight Planning Rules & Regulations Flight Hazards & Safety Air Traffic Control RNP 0.3 is not authorized for oceanic, remote, or the final approach segment. However, selecting and inserting individual, named fixes from the database is permitted, provided all fixes along the published route to be flown are inserted. Still looking for something? LNAV/VNAV incorporates LNAV lateral with vertical path guidance for systems and operators capable of either barometric or SBAS vertical. Continue searching. On AeroNav Products charts, very high frequencies and ultra-high frequencies (VHF/UHF) NAVAIDs (e.g., VORs) are depicted in black, while low frequencies and medium frequencies (LF/MF) are depicted as brown. When flying GPS approaches, particularly in IMC, pilots should have a backup plan in the event of GPS anomalies. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, CFI Notebook.net - Airways and Route Course Navigation, Instrument Flying Handbook (1-6) IFR En-Route Charts, The objective of IFR en route flight is to navigate within the, Your ability to fly instruments safely and competently in the system is greatly enhanced by understanding the vast array of data available to the pilot on instrument charts, En route high-altitude charts provide aeronautical information for en route instrument navigation at or above 18,000' MSL, Information includes the portrayal of Jet and RNAV routes, identification and frequencies of radio aids, selected airports, distances, time zones, special use airspace, and related information, Established jet routes from 18,000' MSL to FL 450 use NAVAIDs not more than 260 NM apart, To effectively depart from one airport and navigate en route under instrument conditions, a pilot needs the appropriate IFR en route low-altitude chart(s), The IFR low altitude en route chart is the instrument equivalent of the sectional chart, When folded, the cover of the AeroNav Products en route chart displays an index map of the United States showing the coverage areas, Cities near congested airspace are shown in black type and their associated area chart is listed in the box in the lower left-hand corner of the map coverage box, Also noted is an explanation of the off-route obstruction clearance altitude (OROCA), The effective date of the chart is printed on the other side of the folded chart, Information concerning MTRs is also included on the chart cover, The en route charts are revised every 56 days, When the AeroNav Products en route chart is unfolded, the legend is displayed and provides information concerning airports, NAVAIDs, communications, air traffic services, and airspace, Airport information is provided in the legend, and the symbols used for the airport name, elevation, and runway length are similar to the sectional chart presentation, Associated city names are shown for public airports only, FAA identifiers are shown for all airports, ICAO identifiers are also shown for airports outside of the contiguous United States, Instrument approaches can be found at airports with blue or green symbols, while the brown airport symbol denotes airports that do not have instrument approaches, Stars are used to indicate the part-time nature of tower operations, Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) frequencies, part-time or on request lighting facilities, and part-time airspace classifications, The minimum en route altitude (MEA) ensures a navigation signal strong enough for adequate reception by the aircraft navigation (NAV) receiver and obstacle clearance along the airway, Communication is not necessarily guaranteed with MEA compliance, The obstacle clearance, within the limits of the airway, is typically 1,000' in non-mountainous areas and 2,000' in designated mountainous areas, MEAs can be authorized with breaks in the signal coverage; if this is the case, the AeroNav Products en route chart notes "MEA GAP" parallel to the affected airway, MEAs are usually bidirectional; however, they can be single-directional, Arrows are used to indicate the direction to which the MEA applies, The minimum obstruction clearance altitude (MOCA), as the name suggests, provides the same obstruction clearance as an MEA; however, the NAV signal reception is ensured only within 22 NM of the closest NAVAID defining the route, The MOCA is listed below the MEA and indicated on AeroNav Products charts by a leading asterisk (e.g., "*3400" - see Figure 1-2, V287 at bottom left), The minimum reception altitude (MRA) identifies the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined from an off-course NAVAID, If the reception is line-of-sight based, signal coverage only extends to the MRA or above, However, if the aircraft is equipped with distance measuring equipment (DME) and the chart indicates the intersection can be identified with such equipment, the pilot could define the fix without attaining the MRA, On AeroNav Products charts, the MRA is indicated by the symbol, The minimum crossing altitude (MCA) is charted when a higher MEA route segment is approached, The MCA is usually indicated when a pilot is approaching steeply rising terrain and obstacle clearance and/or signal reception is compromised, In this case, the pilot is required to initiate a climb so the MCA is reached by the time the intersection is crossed, On AeroNav Products charts, the MCA is indicated by the symbol, The maximum authorized altitude (MAA) is the highest altitude at which the airway can be flown with assurance of receiving adequate navigation signals, Chart depictions appear as "MAA-15000."

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