what is the social impact of diversity in australia

According to the Australian Multicultural Council social cohesion at the national level is strong; however there is not a trickle-down effect to the community level. through instrumental variables (IV) estimation, is limited. For example, Post and Byron (2015[13]) assessed 140 studies in a meta-study and found that on average, having more female directors is positively related to returns on assets and returns on equity, but that the effect was very small. [24] Gonzalez,J. and A.Denisi (2009), Crosslevel effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. To answer that I think we need to define what it is. Im often asked what are the types of situations that will be covered if the Exposure Draft is adopted in its current form? Its difficult to consider situations that would fall under the revisions; People of all religions, ethnic backgrounds, age and gender have so much to contribute, but this can only happen when there is a sense of inclusion and belonging, when people feel part of this country. When asked: Have you experienced discrimination because of your skin colour, ethnic origin or religion? 19% of respondents answered yes to the question; an increase of 7% on the previous year. (2016), Age diversity and team outcomes: a quantitative review, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. [41] Delhey,J. and K.Newton (2005), Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?. Studies have shown that good governance on a country and regional level increase generalised trust and render an otherwise negative impact of diversity insignificant (Murtin etal., 2018[45]; Delhey and Newton, 2005[41]). Despite some contradictory findings, evidence generally points to a negative relationship between diversity and these indicators of social cohesion, although findings vary strongly across countries, level of analysis and the inclusion of moderating factors. There is some evidence suggesting that a positive impact of more gender equal boards is stronger in countries where gender equality is generally higher (Post and Byron, 2015[13]). Furthermore, assessing the economic impact is difficult for two main reasons. [35] Montalvo,J. and M.Reynal-Querol (2014), Cultural Diversity, Conflict, and Economic Development, in Ginsburgh, Victor A. Throsby,D. [44] Pettigrew,T. etal. Regarding attitudes towards social spending and redistribution, in EU countries, positive attitudes among native-born towards income redistribution decrease with higher immigrant diversity and a higher share of immigrants in the population (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2014[42]). Some meta-analyses find no significant impact of gender composition, ethnicity or age on team performance (Horwitz and Horwitz, 2007[19]; Schneid etal., 2016[20]), while others find negative, but very small impacts (Bell etal., 2011[21]; Joshi and Roh, 2009[22])3. Social Diversity and Social Progress | Organizational Behavior and 53, pp. [14] Pletzer,J. etal. [20] Schneid,M. etal. Why is this the case? The Impacts of Diversity. (2010[17]) present similar results for the impact of ethnic diversity in boards in the UnitedStates, which is found to have no significant impact on firm performance. Traditionally but not mandatory, three dates are eaten to break the fast in emulation of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who broke his fast in this manner. Submissions closed on 30 April 2014, and approximately 5,300 submissions were received. The majority of country-specific studies focuses on the UnitedStates. [25] Glover,D., A.Pallais and W.Pariente (2017), Discrimination as a self-fulfilling prophecy: evidence from French grocery stores. Australia's isolation as an island continent has done much to shapeand inhibitits culture. [36] Dinesen,P. and K.Snderskov (2017), Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust: A Critical Review of the Literature and Suggestions for a Research Agenda, in Uslaner,E. The campaign now has support from organisations across business, sport, education, local government and civil society. Experiencing discrimination can lead to poor health both physically and mentally, taking years of life expectancy. 709-743. [27] Cooke,A. and T.Kemeny (2017), Cities, immigrant diversity, and complex problem solving, [28] Docquier,F. etal. [7] Zierscha, A.M., Gallahera, G., Bauma, F., Bentleya, M., (2011).Responding to racism: Insights on how racism can damage health from an urban study of Australian Aboriginal people. There are a lot of factors that affect a person's socioeconomic status. Carers NSW works with all carers regardless of their age, location, life-stage or circumstances. Parrotta, Pozzoli and Pytlikova (2014[12]) find for Denmark that diversity in educational background has no impact on patent applications, whereas diversity in country of origin among employees has a positive impact. Tim Soutphommasane chairs this partnership in his role as Race Discrimination Commissioner. 31/1, pp. 58/5, pp. 33/6, pp. Table2.3 shows that most studies on board diversity suggest that the relation between board diversity and performance is not significant or only very weakly positive (for meta-studies on gender board diversity, see Post and Byron (2015[13]) and Pletzer etal. They harm an individuals freedom to participate as a citizen in the community. The Temple of All Religions (Universal Temple), Kazan, Russia, consists of several types of religious architecture (church, mosque, synagogue). Diversity is important for several reasons, both in society and in various contexts such as the workplace, education, and communities. The survey asked whether companies had introduced diversity measures, and if so, what kind of approaches they had chosen and which groups they were targeting. A study on 195 countries shows that the diversity of immigrants is positively associated with economic prosperity, particularly so for skilled migrants in high-income countries; a one percentage point increase of the diversity of skilled migrants increases long-run economic output, measured by GDP per capita, by 2% (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2016[26]). Lastly, the survey included questions on what kind of support they would like to receive for implementing diversity policies in their firms and what areas of diversity policies should receive more attention in the future. Where possible, other forms of diversity (notably age and educational background) are also included. Diversity is good for our communities. Here's the evidence 48, pp. For high-skilled migrant workers, their findings are not significant. Social Integration. Before I begin I would like to acknowledge the Gadigal People of the Eora Nation, the Traditional Owners of the land upon which we gather today. In recent years the Australian Multicultural Council has played an important leadership role in this regard. 41/5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483481211249157. I acknowledge that legislation alone is not a panacea for racism. [28] Docquier,F. etal. Face the facts: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples What Is Diversity And How I Define It In The Social Context 559-627. Moreover, much of the literature rests on the assumption that more diverse boards can make better decisions because women and minorities differ in their knowledge, experiences or management styles and therefore can bring new insights and perspectives. [23] Horwitz,S. and I.Horwitz (2007), The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography. If they do not, and are there as a token gesture or simply to comply, perhaps reluctantly, with legislation, then their presence on a board is likely to have little impact. [32] Ottaviano,G. and G.Peri (2006), The economic value of cultural diversity: evidence from US cities. It is central to our national identity. On the one hand, this is due to data limitations (e.g. I would also like to highlight that apart from our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, all of us came to this country as immigrants or are the descendants of immigrants. Making Diversity Work for All, (stergaard, Timmermans and Kristinsson, 2011[11]), (Parrotta, Pozzoli and Pytlikova, 2014[12]), (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2016[26]), Tolsma, van der Meer and Gesthuizen, 2009[38], (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2014[42]), [2] Balestra,C. and L.Fleischer (2018), Diversity statistics in the OECD:How do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity?. A number of studies make a difference between highly job-related diversity, such as educational background, job position or function in the company, and diversity aspects that are less job-related, e.g. This may suggest that when women or ethnic minorities are perceived as newcomers rather than just another colleague, more intra-group conflict may arise or minorities may have difficulties in being heard and taken seriously. What you say matters. We are all aware of the incidents involving Australian of the Year, Adam Goodes. [21] Bell,S. etal. Based on interests and goals (sustainability, professional development, etc.) [43] Stolle,D., S.Soroka and R.Johnston (2008), When Does Diversity Erode Trust? While other nations have faced racial tensions and riots, we have experienced long-term social stability. 987-1015. The Scanlon Foundation Surveys National Report. : An assessment of their (in)effectiveness using administrative data., http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190274801-e-13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en. The Attorney-General has talked of a multi-front war being waged against freedom of speech and proposes new provisions to strengthen this freedom. Findings of a survey of Human Resource professionals across a range of OECD countries (see Box2.1 for more detail) also show that participating firms have become increasingly concerned with this topic; around two in three think that the topic of diversity management has become more important in their firm in the past fiveyears. 52/3, pp. But over time, individuals adapted to changes in society and began to reap the benefits of diversity, with quality of life returning to initial levels. (ed.). Select one or more items in both lists to browse for the relevant content, Browse the selectedThemes and / or countries. This is particularly likely in settings where people encounter each other as equals and as part of a routine or with a common goal, e.g. Briefing: Immigration, Diversity and Social Cohesion. 7922. [49] Baert,S., B.Cockx and N.Gheyle (2015), Is There Less Discrimination in Occupations Where Recruitment Is Difficult?. The legislation provides for a Commission constituted by a President, and seven Commissioners that broadly reflect those human rights that have been the subject of federal legislation. The three main reasons for the Australia of today are the aboriginal (native) population, colonization by England, and immigration from many different countries and cultures. They also show that, by focusing only on the short term, we may draw an inaccurate, pessimistic conclusion about the impact of diversity. [38] Tolsma,J., T.van der Meer and M.Gesthuizen (2009), The impact of neighbourhood and municipality characteristics on social cohesion in the Netherlands. [30] Bove,V. and L.Elia (2017), Migration, Diversity, and Economic Growth, [31] Bellini,E. etal. At first glance, protecting our own group seems to be at odds with approaching unknown groups, who might be friends or foes. We therefore cannot talk about a truly cohesive and inclusive Australia without addressing racism, and the Racial Discrimination Act is vital tool within the Australian Human Rights framework to address and respond to racial vilification. A similar study for Denmark finds small negative effects on productivity while gender and age are not found to have an impact (Parrotta, Pozzoli and Pytlikova, 2014[12]). It gives effect to Australias international human rights commitments and promotes equality between people of different backgrounds. Socioeconomic Status Explained - Diversity for Social Impact However the term of the Australian Multicultural Council came to an end on 30 June 2014, and the Government has not articulated what the future of the Australian Multicultural Council will be. [11] stergaard,C., B.Timmermans and K.Kristinsson (2011), Does a Different View Create Something New? And when this occurs, this positive effect of diversity trumps the initial challenges. Play video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mtw5ZAtbaY. As a nation we embraced this diversity and recognised the economic and social benefits that come this brings. (2016), Age diversity and team outcomes: a quantitative review. This index accounts both for the heterogeneity of a population as well as the size of different population groups. They find that diversity in education and nationality have a positive impact on product innovation for a firm. Sections 18C and D of the Racial Hatred Bill 1995 were introduced at the request of the Australian Institute of Jewish affairs, and leaders of the Italian, Greek, Vietnamese and Chinese communities, following a National inquiry into Racist Violence conducted by Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (now the AHRC), the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody Report in 1991 and the Report of the Law Reform Commission on Multiculturalism and the Law, the following year. For the same reporting year we received 500 complaints under the Racial Discrimination Act, equating to nearly a quarter of all complaints received by the Commission. The lack of diversity in Australian politics has been apparent for years. (ed. Studies that have assessed the impact of changes in legislation, e.g. The survey was shared by the countrys main national HR Association and in total around 2400 HR professionals in eight OECD countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Spain) participated. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice tothe status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 6, pp. First, the individual or interpersonal level, which includes everyday racism that happens with speech, glances. 311-327. However, the relationship between diversity and social cohesion is not clear-cut. The Effect of Employee Diversity on Innovation, Research Policy, Vol. Economic arguments can only serve to reinforce the obligation of ensuring the labour market inclusion of diverse groups rooted in the idea of promoting a society that is just and equitable, valuing diversity, providing equal opportunities to all its members, irrespective of their various characteristics. Accounting for these characteristics generally increases the size of the relationship between team performance and diversity and therefore partially explains the mixed results of individual studies. Oxfam Australia commissioned Deloitte Access Economics to analyse the economic and social impact an expanded refugee program may have on Australia's economy and society. 37/3, pp. Therefore, economic models of cultural diversity mostly focus on only one dimension. They provide that national institutions should have a broad mandate based on universal human rights standards, be autonomous and independent from government, have a pluralistic structure and operate in a pluralistic manner, have adequate resources, and have adequate powers of investigation. This is perhaps the reason why research has found that trust and social cohesion are lower in diverse communities and why, in experimental labs, individuals interacting with unknown members of a different social group show increased stress and anxiety. I applaud organisations such as the Affinity Foundation who are doing fantastic work at the local level to empower individuals and facilitate positive dialogues and relationships between all cultures and faiths. I pay my respects to your elders, past and present. Appendix A: Factors that influence views of diversity. [50] Verbeek,S. (2012), Do hard diversity policies increase ethnic minority representation? University of Birmingham provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK. Through an exposure draft the Government has outlined its intent to lift the ban on offending, insulting and humiliating someone over their race, colour or ethnicity. The Paris Principles set out the international minimum standards for the status and functioning of national human rights institutions. For example, an individual's parents can be well-educated and wealthy. Not only do we need a national response but we must have systems and programs in place at the community level. Different results are found for Denmark, where age diversity is associated with a negative effect on innovation, which is defined as the introduction of a new product or service (stergaard, Timmermans and Kristinsson, 2011[11]). Report prepared for: Joint Commonwealth, State and Territory Research Advisory Committee (RAC) March 2013. In this report, we explored factors related to whether people thought an increasing number of people of many different races, ethnic groups and nationalities made their country a better place to live. [24] Gonzalez,J. and A.Denisi (2009), Crosslevel effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. Survival, according to this view, depended on protecting the group from the potential dangers posed by unknown others who were approached with caution. There is indeed evidence that diversity creates mistrust in communities. 987-1015. To understand the place of these laws in our society it is important to consider why they were introduced in the first place. (2011), Getting Specific about Demographic Diversity Variable and Team Performance Relationships: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Management, Vol. The underrepresentation of cultural and linguistic diversity in Australian politics . The literature shows that a number of factors have a strong mediating impact; social exclusion and disadvantage, inequality, inter-group contact and social interactions as well as the role of governance and institutions are important explanatory factors. Under the leadership of Judge Rauf Soulio the AMC has acted as an important adviser to the Government on multicultural affairs and has been a champion in advancing multiculturalism. Much has been written about this topic, but one major question remains unanswered: are human beings able to adapt to this unprecedented change in social diversity? on the level of firms, teams and executive boards. [29] Suedekum,J., K.Wolf and U.Blien (2014), Cultural diversity and local labour markets, Regional Studies, Vol. [25] Glover,D., A.Pallais and W.Pariente (2017), Discrimination as a self-fulfilling prophecy: evidence from French grocery stores, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. It happened. In addition to the narrow definition the Commission has expressed its concern about the breadth of the exemption in subsection (4) of the exposure draft. [2] The United Nations defines a socially cohesive society where all groups have a sense of belonging, participation, inclusion, recognition and legitimacy.[3]. Sue's previous experience includes Microsoft, Target, and Kraft. It is a combination of our differences that shape our view of the world, our perspective and our approach[1]. Multiculturalism has been an important element in the making of modern Australia, and has been critical to fostering social cohesion and inclusion. (2018), Trust and its determinants: Evidence from the Trustlab experiment. [8] Ozgen C, Nijkamp P and J.Poot (2013), The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Firm Innovation: Evidence from Dutch micro-data, IZA Journal of Migration, Vol. AT http://www.scanlonfoundation.org.au/research.html (viewed 23 June 2014).Demireva, N. (2014). It is a tremendous psychological blow because it is something that I experienced from age 5 to now and I am often left feeling helpless and vulnerable for days afterwards., It makes me feel like I am lower than everyone else, an intruder who is not part of this society.. 66, pp. It has become clear that exclusion, discrimination and vilification on the grounds of race exists as an undeniable element of our otherwise successful multicultural society. This chapter reviews studies that analyse the economic impact of diversity on the macro (country), meso (region) and micro (firm or team) levels, as diversity is likely to be relevant on all these levels but through different mechanisms and with different outcomes.1 In addition, it provides a short overview of the literature on how diversity may spill over and impact social cohesion and preferences for redistribution. These changes have had many positive effects such as filling important gaps in the labour market and challenging cultural insularity. 1175-1185. As a nation we embraced this diversity and recognised the economic and social benefits that come this brings. However, while the impact of diversity might be small, there is a strong economic argument against discrimination and non-inclusion based on the sizeable cost associated with it. What Is an Affinity Group in the Workplace? - diversity.social [8] Ozgen C, Nijkamp P and J.Poot (2013), The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Firm Innovation: Evidence from Dutch micro-data. It is critical that we have a source of leadership and guidance at the national level on multicultural issues and I encourage the Government to outline what it plans to do moving into the future. For other countries, however, there is evidence that benefits of diversity for innovation are more apparent in sectors employing relatively more skilled immigrants (see for example Ozgen C, Nijkamp P and Poot (2013[8]) for the Netherlands and Brunow and Stockinger (2013[9]) for Germany). But the potential benefits can only be realised if organisations foster a conducive atmosphere for their diverse workforce. We are different precisely in order to realise our need of one another. Im sure you will all agree with me when I say, that is this diversity that is one of Australias greatest strengths and assets. Although internationally we are often seen as a good example of multicultural society that welcomes diversity, racism does exist in Australian society. Age diversity is not found to have a significant impact. 18/5, pp. Effects of Social and Cultural Diversity in a Workplace - GradesFixer Ancestral lands, waters and territories are of fundamental importance for their physical and cultural survival as peoples. [3] Chellaraj,G., K.Maskus and A.Mattoo (2008), The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation. Social cohesion in a multicultural Australia: The importance of human 1219-1260. A Muslim woman wearing the hijab in the local park with her children could be abused on the basis of her religion, quite legally, because she was not physically intimidated and no one was incited to hate her. This shows that the relationship between more gender balanced boards and firm performance are complex and may impact different areas of performance differently. Research shows that there is a clear correlation between discrimination and inequality. For attitudes and behaviour to change we need a multifaceted response one that incorporates education, policy and legislation. 1546-1571. 76-97. catering to needs and consumption patterns of diverse clients, Lower preferences for redistribution: e.g.

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