unitary construct definition psychology

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 261-283. At face value, it seems highly unlikely that the same set of functional/neural mechanisms are involved in, and responsible for, this broad variety of phenomena (Allport, 1993), and a bulk of behavioral and neural evidence confirms that most subfunctions can be dissociated from each other (e.g., Fan, McCandliss, Sommer, Raz, & Posner, 2002). These findings thus suggest that multiple functional and neural systems are involved in selective attention. Indeed, neural activity related to multiple simultaneously active intentions to act at potential target locations, as well as the selection of the final target, has been identified in various structures more commonly associated with the planning and execution of actions, such as the dorsal premotor area, the parietal reach region, and the motor cortex (Cisek & Kalaska, 2005; Klaes, Westendorff, Chakrabarti, & Gail, 2011; Pesaran, Nelson, & Andersen, 2008; Scherberger & Andersen, 2007; Song & McPeek, 2010; Thura & Cisek, 2014). Econometrica, 47, 263-292. Cooperative Studies Program (CSP) #572: A Study of Serious Mental Illness in Veterans as a Pathway to personalized medicine in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Illness. When a memory is formed, cues associated with the formed memory form a constellation of nerve networks in which the memory is stored. 121-140). Is that within reach? Learning from history: The need for a synthetic approach to human cognition. Google Scholar. Attention, intention, and priority in the parietal lobe. construct, also called hypothetical construct or psychological construct, in psychology, a tool used to facilitate understanding of human behaviour. Kendra Cherry, MS,is the author of the "Everything Psychology Book (2nd Edition)"and has written thousands of articles on diverse psychology topics. They also do not propose role rehearsal, and they focus more on item based interference rather than memory decay. Value-driven attentional capture. Resynthesizing behavior through phylogenetic refinement. Mole (2011) highlights that James statement came at the time where there was debate among theorists as to whether the main role of attention was in thinking, perceiving, or acting. Some target specific symptoms and syndromes and others are more open-ended. 2018 Nov;93(4):1795-1812. doi: 10.1111/brv.12421. Circuits for action and cognition: A view from the superior colliculus. 3). ), Attention and performance XV. The relationship between attentional capture and deviations in movement trajectories in selective reaching tasks. Adolescent pain is common and continues into adulthood, leading to negative long-term outcomes including substance-related morbidity: an empirical definition of its construct may inform the early detection of persistent pain trajectories. The result was an action map of oriented escape responses to threatening stimuli at specific locations in the external world. How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. Deubel, H., Schneider, W. X., & Paprotta, I. All validation bears on validation of the claims or the inferences we want to make with respect to the construct; all validity is essentially construct validity. Experiment to figure out how and why visual information presented at a location selected for action is amplified, rather than passing the finding off as just attention. Hence, turn to the mechanisms that we understand and try to re-create the behavior that cognitive and neural scientists are interested in. Target selection in visual search as revealed by movement trajectories. Selection for action: Some behavioral and neurophysiological considerations of attention and action. Given that this would make it no longer apparent that such a reduced version of attention has anything to do with other attentional functions like integration, orientation, or vigilance, this would eventually call for dropping the concept and the same argument holds for intention. On the positive side, this would prevent researchers from trying to find commonalities in processes and substrates that are unlikely to be found. In particular, regions of the posterior parietal cortex are strongly and reciprocally interconnected with parts of the frontal lobe that are involved in the planning and guidance of movement (Johnson, Ferraina, Bianchi, & Caminiti, 1996; Markov et al., 2014), individual neurons are strongly modulated by the type of action performed with respect to identical stimuli (Cui & Andersen, 2007; Snyder et al., 1997), and inactivation of the posterior parietal cortex causes biases in free-choice tasks (Christopoulos, Kagan, & Andersen, 2018), but not decisions based on visual evidence (Katz, Yates, Pillow, & Huk, 2016). Cerebral Cortex. For instance, the term attention is used to refer to the consequences of both voluntary and involuntary factors in favoring the representation of one event having a stronger impact on decision making and action than representations of other events (e.g., Yantis, 1998). adjective. Roles of narrow- and broad-spiking dorsal premotor area neurons in reach target selection and movement production. Google Scholar, Anderson, B. It can, for example, maintain a seven-digit telephone number for as long as one repeats the number to oneself again and again. Google Scholar. Neyedli, H.F., & Welsh, T.N. Construct (psychology), also hypothetical construct or psychological construct, is a tool used to facilitate understanding of human behavior. Selective dorsal and ventral processing: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism in reaching and perception. In this article, we challenge the usefulness of attention as a unitary construct and/or neural system. Working backwards from what researchers observe in behavior, it is known that generally only one goal-directed movement is performed at a time, though more than one might be simultaneously represented (e.g., Cisek & Kalaska, 2005). A., Saitoh, K., & Grillner, S. (2015). The phrase the test has validity, though technically inappropriate, is often used because there is a general assumption about which inferences are (and are not) to be made from the use of a well-known measurement device. Nairne, J. This may seem an almost trivial point, but it is important to stress that validation is a unitary construct that tests the theory and the measure at the same time [ 17]. Current Biology, 25, 2040-2046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.029. How Catharsis Can Bring About Great Insight and Positive Change, How Meditation Impacts Your Mind and Body. CONSTRUCTVALIDITY: A UNITARYCONCEPTFOROCCUPATIONALTHERAPYASSESSMENTANDMEASUREMENT Ted Brown Background:In the traditional view of validity, it is divided it into three sub-types: content, criterion-related, and construct. Vision Research, 35, 1897-1916. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud focused on understanding the importance of the unconscious and conscious mind. Bechtel, W. (2008). The various states of consciousness include: The two normal states of awareness are consciousness and unconsciousness. PubMed Central The parallel to this is a working definition of intelligence as a complex trait that is measured by intelligence tests (Wechsler, 1971). Note that many branch points and lineages are omitted for clarity. Action-centred distractor effects in discrete control selection. Ivleva EI, Morris DW, Osuji J, Moates AF, Carmody TJ, Thaker GK, Cullum M, Tamminga CA. The picture gets even more complicated when one considers studies comparing the impact of rewards of equal magnitude but in opposite directions (e.g., positive/gain vs. negative/loss). The latter includes parts of the lateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and all of the limbic cortex and the temporal lobe. An official website of the United States government. (2011). Neuron, 45, 801-814. Graziano, M. S. (2016). Validity is not a property of any assessment device; rather, it is a property of the inferences that youthe test usermake. However, many species that can be treated as "monogamous" may fail to show one or more of these characteristics. Thus, the characteristics of the physically executed action actually reflect the attentional state of the target and non-target stimuli. The snooze of lose: Rapid reaching reveals that losses are processed more slowly than gains. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Psychiatry Res. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. Culham, J. C., & Kanwisher, N. G. (2001). (2002). Snyder, L. H., Batista, A. P., & Andersen, R. A. What is the true definition of consciousness? However, the fit of reward history into this joint category is much less obvious than this theoretical integration suggests since reward history is itself likely composed of many differentiable factors. Cisek, P., & Thura, D. (2018). The role of a midbrain network in competitive stimulus selection. One can find early contributions to unitary memory theories in the works of John McGeoch in the 1930s and Benton Underwood, Geoffrey Keppel, and Arthur Melton in the 1950s and 1960s. The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate basal ganglia and its role in action selection. Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2011). ), Reach-to-grasp behavior: Brain, behavior, and modelling across the life span. Netw. Johnson, P. B., Ferraina, S., Bianchi, L., & Caminiti, R. (1996). (1986). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. government site. While it is often very difficult to know why a given modification took place in evolution, establishing what was the sequence of modifications can be constrained by a wealth of comparative and developmental data, leading to strong and testable hypotheses about how neural circuits and behavioral abilities evolved together. The component is episodic because it is assumed to bind information into a unitary episodic representation. Control of eye movements and spatial attention. Intention-related activity in the posterior parietal cortex: a review. Hommel, B., Chapman, C.S., Cisek, P. et al. DE Meyer, S Kornblum, pp. Read our. Hear a word and type it out. Construct Validity: A Unitary Concept for Occupational Therapy In 1974, Baddeley and Hitch[5] introduced and made popular the multicomponent model of working memory. Hence, it is neither physical stimulus properties nor action goals alone that generate selectivity, but rather selectivity is shaped by the reciprocal and iterative interactions between these factors. Often, this type of evidence is referred to as convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. Branch points represent some of the divergences between different lineages, with timing estimated on the basis of molecular clock analyses (Erwin et al., 2011). Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. For example, it allows us to process information, choose our actions, set priorities, learn and adapt to new information, make decisions, and more. Nature, 416, 632-636. Unfortunately, investigators who have studied low frequencies of peer . For example, very similar arguments to those that we present in the following have been put forward to question the concept of memory. Consequently, the approach circuit must select between actions, such that one completely suppresses the other. Murray, E. A., Wise, S. P., & Graham, K. S. (2017). These changes define the limit of associative learning and the threshold of explicit cognition. That is, the same feature (e.g., orientation) can be prioritized in one action context (e.g., grasping), but not another action context (e.g., pointing). However, this is incorrect. A similar tendency can be seen with respect to selective attention, where Awh, Belopolsky, and Theeuwes (2012) have tried to integrate findings that are no longer consistent with the historical distinction between endogenous attention, which represents the prioritized processing of stimuli to which the agent wants to attend, and exogenous attention, which represents the prioritized processing of stimuli that are unrelated to the present action and goals. Kennedy, H. (2014). stress, focusing attention on other things). In this article, we challenge the usefulness of "attention" as a unitary construct and/or neural system. This means that selectivity is an emerging property arising from a myriad underlying processes, and the simple fact that humans (and other species showing selective attention) evolved the way they did, with selective attention being one of many byproducts, next to selective intention and selective decision making. Here, we have primarily emphasized selection mechanisms in the superior colliculus and parietal cortex, but similar arguments can be made for other selection mechanisms in other brain regions. Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder: findings from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) study. Transl Psychiatry. In other situations, however, different fronto-parietal streams will be coordinated. On the other hand, there is no need to assume that the superior colliculus is the only map that integrates relevant information to steer attention, nor is it necessary to assume that all available information is integrated into that one map. Your conscious experiences are constantly shifting and changing. There is no theory of decay in this model, so to account for memory loss or fading the theory states that memories move further and further from the starting point, and retrieval becomes more difficult the further the memory is from the gas station (starting position). (2004). Conscious: What's the Difference? These apparently contradictory findings have fueled a heated and persistent debate, now in its fifth decade, on whether the posterior parietal cortex is involved in guiding attention or whether it reflects the individuals intention. As is typical for the dominant analytical approach to psychological science, researchers have tried to resolve this debate by defining the concepts of attention and intention in ways that make them appear mutually exclusive: Attention is what restricts the inflow of sensory information to cognition, what enters conscious thought for further processing, whereas intention is the output of cognition, the will (free or otherwise) to perform a specific action. Premotor and parietal cortex: corticocortical connectivity and combinatorial computations. Evolution of phototransduction, vertebrate photoreceptors and retina. Sudden changes may be a sign of a medical emergency that requires immediate attention, such as a stroke or hemorrhage. Construct validity encompasses a wide set of inferences regarding the nature of the psychological construct and its place in a larger nexus of constructs. The evolutionary history of spatial interaction along the primate lineage is a long and complex tale (Fig. Visual neglect associated with frontal lobe infarction. (2011). Behaviorally, the presence of multiple co-existing response representations and the dynamic selection of target from non-target stimuli and actions is also expressed through the spatiotemporal characteristics of reaching and grasping movements. How to Be Less Self-Conscious in Social Situations, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Integrated information theory of consciousness: An updated account, The global workspace theory of consciousness. Nothing has changed about the tape measure or the set of measurements generated from its application. As the behavioral repertoire of mammals continued to expand, so did the dorsomedial neocortex, and there was a differentiation and specialization of action-specific maps of sensory space. (1995). In particular, individual neurons in the posterior parietal cortex appear to reflect the locus of attention (Bisley & Goldberg, 2010; Robinson, Goldberg, & Stanton, 1978) and parietal damage often leads to phenomena of spatial neglect (Bartolomeo, 2007; Corbetta & Shulman, 2011). Unitary Construction. Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. Cerebral Cortex, 24, 17-36. Hove, England: Psychology Press. Sex differences in parasite infections: patterns and processes. Psychological Review, 91, 216-234. Grounding attention in action control: The intentional control of selection. Resourcesa theoretical soup stone? Instead, we suggest that a complete dismantling of the concept of attention is required. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. This theory tends to focus on whether something is conscious and to what degree it is conscious. One of the great conundrums in experimental psychology and neuroscience is exactly how all of these streams of information diverge from initial sensory areas and then converge to produce action. (2008). For example, it is necessary to ensure that the predictor and criterion measures accurately and completely reflect the job requirements and job demands they are intended to reflect. Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex. The main advantage over the separate body-chassis construction method is in the torsional rigidity achieved. As we have tried to explain, these conceptual-overlap problems are unlikely to be resolved by more definitions. Although monogamy and mate choice in humans may be regulated by underlying processes different from those . To illustrate these points, we focus our discussion on visual selective attention. Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. This finding echoes related work showing that more time is required to select optimally between visuomotor choices when they differ based on negative value information compared to when they differ based on the probability of reward (Neyedli & Welsh, 2015b). Robinson, D. L., Goldberg, M. E., & Stanton, G. B. Epub 2014 Feb 26. And yet, after decades of work by some of the worlds most accomplished neuroscientists, a clear dissociation of the function of posterior parietal cortex remains elusive. The control of gaze involves the lateral intraparietal area (Snyder, Batista, & Andersen, 2000), which represents space in a retinotopic frame (Colby & Duhamel, 1996; Snyder, Grieve, Brotchie, & Andersen, 1998), and is interconnected with frontal regions controlling gaze, such as the frontal eye fields and the superior colliculus (Par & Wurtz, 2001) taking advantage of the tectal orientation/approach system that has been steering animals since the Cambrian epoch. ; Visual-spatial processing: This relates to a person's abilities to interpret and . 2021 Oct;236:54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.036. Reaching for the unknown: Multiple target encoding and real-time decision-making in a rapid reach task. Neyedli, H.F., & Welsh, T.N. Careers. Kendra Cherry, MS,is the author of the "Everything Psychology Book (2nd Edition)"and has written thousands of articles on diverse psychology topics. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 20, 303-330. PDF Construct Validity: A Unitary Concept for Occupational Therapy - CORE Welsh, T.N. Acta Psychologica, 137, 300-308. We reaffirm these positions and further suggest that compartmentalizing attention and then searching for the attentional system hinders the development of a comprehensive understanding of human behavior because it ignores integrated, parallel, and reciprocal relationships among sensory, cognitive, and action processes. Neuron, 36, 955-968. The attempt to establish evidence for construct validity inferences is tantamount to theory testing. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Deubel, H. & Schneider, W.X. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. Neuroimage, 14, 310-321. This finding suggests that what participants take to be rewarding is itself multifaceted not just the magnitude of the reward, but also how likely it is that they will receive the reward. The neural-systems framework can broaden empirical horizons in comparative psychology. And so, this brief foray into the long journey of primate evolution has brought us back to selective attention and to the posterior parietal cortex, but with a different perspective on both. Researchers continue to explore the different bases of consciousness including the physical, social, cultural, and psychological influences that contribute to our conscious awareness. Folk, C.L., Remington, R.W., & Johnston J.C. (1992). Consciousness is an enigma. An argument-based approach to validity. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Unitary theory. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/unitary%20theory. The French philosopher Rene Descartes introduced the concept of mind-body dualism or the idea that while the mind and body are separate, they do interact. Hill SK, Reilly JL, Keefe RS, Gold JM, Bishop JR, Gershon ES, Tamminga CA, Pearlson GD, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA. Concept of Intelligence - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Awh et al. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 527-535. On the other hand, however, we fully subscribe to the assumption that good theories in cognitive psychology and the cognitive neurosciences come from testable hypotheses of how an observed phenomenon (the explanandum) is produced by its underlying mechanisms (the explanans), irrespective of whether these mechanisms are described in neural or functional terms. Very nice, very good 1965 Mustang Coupe. Encoding is the way information is changed so that it can be stored in the memory. ; Knowledge: This is a person's general understanding of a wide range of topics and can be equated with crystallized intelligence. The problem here is similar to the one Awh et al. Industrial-Organizational Psychology Theories. The theory attempts to create a measure of the integrated information that forms consciousness. 2b). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In a sense, all validity inferences are part of construct validity. Hillsdale: Lawerence Erlbaum. Deciding not to GO: Neuronal correlates of response selection in a GO/NOGO task in primate premotor and parietal cortex. Target selection signals for arm reaching in the posterior parietal cortex. James contemporary, F.H. Psychological Science, 24, 1456-1465. See higher order construct. While this transfer of storage is occurring, the rate of decay in the OSCAR model is either constant or non-existent. In the lineage leading to vertebrates, the photosensitive patch split into two lateral eye patches on both sides of the head (Butler, 2000). Di Lollo, V. (2018). Both rates are implausible, as a constant rate of decay neglects all external factors that may contribute to a faster rate of decay (e.g. Cognitive psychology: A students handbook (4th Ed.). Along the same lines, attention is considered by some to represent the critical capacity limitation, the cognitive bottleneck that needs to be accounted for and explained (e.g., Pashler & Johnston, 1998), while still others consider attention to be the cognitive means to deal with such bottlenecks (e.g., Bundesen, 1990). Accuracy of immediate self-assessment of neurocognitive test performance: Associations with psychiatric diagnosis and longitudinal psychotic symptoms. Hommel, B. A parametric fMRI study of overt and covert shifts of visuospatial attention. (2015). NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Barrett, L.F. (2017). Consciousness and Cognition, 64, 4549. 2007 Mar;16(6):1245-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03211.x. Working memory is generally used synonymously with short term memory, but this depends on how the two forms of memory are defined. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal It's a way of putting a name to things that don't . It also makes an assumption that memories are always circulating to different areas of the brainnever having a definite cortical space that stores the memory. Journal of Neurophysiology, 81, 1978-1982. None of the data or materials for the experiments reported here are available, and none of the experiments was preregistered. This synthetic approach focuses on, and starts with, ecologically relevant mechanisms and processes and then tries to account for as many phenomena (attentional or not) as possible. Of course, much of the detail about how this occurs is an open question and beyond the scope of this article. Small rectangles indicate the estimated latest timing of innovations described in the boxes. Is curiosity a unitary construct? - APA PsycNET However, this influence implies that selection history affects how goals impact (endogenous) attention. This guidance can be done through a procedure of phylogenetic refinement, whereby one progressively elaborates a theory about how neural and behavioral processes evolved along a given lineage, always respecting constraints about the neural modifications and behavioral adaptations that appeared at each stage (see Cisek, 2019 [this issue]). Thick lines indicate the presence of relevant fossil data (paleobiodb.org). The most relevant source of evidence is that which is directly tied to the purpose of the inference. Deubel, H., & Schneider, W. X. Trends in Cognitive Science, 10, 382-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.06.011. Neural correlates of reaching decisions in dorsal premotor cortex: Specification of multiple direction choices and final selection of action. This map is sensitive to space in front of the animal, and projects mostly contralaterally to the spinal cord, thereby producing orientation and approach actions (Jones, Grillner, & Robertson, 2009; Kardamakis, Saitoh, & Grillner, 2015). Horm Behav. Epub 2018 Apr 23. FOIA Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 402. For example, loss aversion, made famous by the work of Kahneman and Tversky (1979), shows that people treat potential losses as being more aversive than equivalent gains are rewarding. Timothy N. Welsh. Separate body- and world-referenced representations of visual space in parietal cortex. Behavioral sciences use constructs such as conscientiousness, intelligence, political power, self-esteem, and group culture. A few sentences after that famous phrase we quoted above, James wrote that attention implies a withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others. That withdrawal from some stimuli to interact with another stimulus is indeed accomplished, quite literally, within the approach circuit of the rostral tectum. one. Scherberger, H., & Andersen, R. A. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Journal of Vision, 6, 982-995. (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.pmip.2021.100078. Suchman, R.G., & Trabasso, T. (1966). Tail and eye movements evoked by electrical microstimulation of the optic tectum in goldfish. Theorizing about human attention suffers from at least three main problems. Construct | psychology | Britannica We suspect that none of these debates will come to an end, simply because the proponents of all camps are correct in some way and in some cases given that selectivity is a feature of the system that has emerged from the interaction of many factors across evolution. It includes visual representation of the possible moves, and awareness of the flow of information into and out of memory, all stored for a limited amount of time.[4]. Context-specific grasp movement representation in the macaque anterior intraparietal area. One powerful strategy for doing so for keeping our synthesis close to biological reality is to use evolution as a guide. Awh, E., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2019, this issue). Action plan co-optimization reveals the parallel encoding of competing reach movements. Thura, D. & P. Cisek (2014). Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., Dascola, I., & Umilta, C. (1987). (2005). In the avoidance circuit, multiple stimuli can engage multiple escape actions that can simply be averaged downstream to produce adaptive avoidance behavior (Fig. Working memory impairment in probands with schizoaffective disorder and first degree relatives of schizophrenia probands extend beyond deficits predicted by generalized neuropsychological impairment. For instance, the very fact that we use concepts like attention, decision making, intention, emotion, and motivation in different situations and theoretical contexts by no means implies that the underlying functional and neural processes are different and separable.

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